Ion Antonescu
prime minister of Romania during World War II, executed for war crimes (1882–1946)
Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 – 1 June 1946) was a Nazi-allied Prime Minister of Romania, who called himself Conducător and ruled from 4 September 1940[1] until 23 August 1944,[2] when he was toppled in a coup. He was executed for war crimes in 1946.[3]
Ion Victor Antonescu | |
|---|---|
 Ion Antonescu | |
| Prime Minister of Romania | |
| In office September 4, 1940 – August 23, 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Ion Gigurtu |
| Succeeded by | Constantin Sănătescu |
| Conducător of Romania | |
| In office September 6, 1940 – August 23, 1944 | |
| Preceded by | Carol II (as King of Romania) |
| Succeeded by | None |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Ion Victor Antonescu June 15, 1882 Piteşti, Romania |
| Died | June 1, 1946 (aged 63) Jilava, Romania |
| Nationality | Romanian |
| Political party | None, formally allied with the Iron Guard |
| Spouse(s) | Raşela Mendel (div.) Maria Antonescu |
| Profession | Soldier |
| Military service | |
| Rank | Field Marshal |
Role in the Holocaust
changeWhen he was in charge of Romania and southern Ukraine, he actively facilitated[4] the Holocaust for Nazi Germany.[5] As many as 400,000 Jewish deaths could be attributed to his orders. Particularly, some considered the Odessa massacre, which killed as many as 100,000 Jews and reduced Odessa's Jews by 98.7%, as the worst massacre of Jews in the Romanian-occupied zone during WWII.[6]
The Holocaust in Romanian-occupied zone only stopped after he was toppled in a coup led by King Michael I of Romania on 23 August 1944.[7]
See also
changeReferences
change- ↑
- Haynes, Rebecca (1993). "German Historians and the Romanian National Legionary State 1940-41". The Slavonic and East European Review. 71 (4). Modern Humanities Research Association: 676–683. JSTOR stable/4211380. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- "Antonescu and the National Legionary State". Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave USA. 2006. pp. 52–68. ISBN 9781403993410. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Platon, Mircea (2012). "The Iron Guard and the 'Modern State'. Iron Guard Leaders Vasile Marin and Ion I. Moţa, and the 'New European Order'". Fascism. 1 (2). Brill: 65–90. doi:10.1163/22116257-00201002. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- "Staging Death: Christofascist Necropolitics during the National Legionary State in Romania, 1940–1941". Nationalities Papers. 49 (3). Cambridge University Press: 576–589. 2021. doi:10.1017/nps.2020.22. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- ↑
- "Antonescu and the National Legionary State". Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940-1944. Palgrave USA. 2006. pp. 52–68. ISBN 9781403993410. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Gillen, Andrew Bennett (2020). "The Legion of the Archangel Michael: The Past and Present Appeal of Decentralized Fascism". Providence College. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- Praisler, Alexandru; Gheorghiu, Oana Celia (July 11, 2022). "Hate speech revisited in Romanian political discourse: from the Legion of the Archangel Michael (1927–1941) to AUR (2020–present day)". Humanities & Social Sciences Communications. 9. Retrieved November 5, 2024.
- ↑
- International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania. Final Report. President of the commission: Elie Wiesel. Edited by Tuvia Friling, Radu Ioanid, and Mihail E. Ionescu. Iași: Polirom, 2004.
- Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Roma under the Antonescu Regime, 1940–1944. Second edition. Published in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2022.
- Kruglov, Aleksander, and Kiril Feferman. “Bloody Snow: The Mass Slaughter of Odessa Jews in Berezovka Uezd in the First Half of 1941.” Yad Vashem Studies 47, no. 2 (2019): 15.
- Solonari, Vladimir. A Satellite Empire: Romanian Rule in Southwestern Ukraine, 1941–1944. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019.
- Zipperstein, Steven J. The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1985.
- ↑ "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :- Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
- Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
- Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
- Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
- Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
- Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
- Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
- Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
- Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
- Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
- Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
- ↑
- Weinbaum, Laurence (June 1, 2006). "The Banality of History and Memory: Romanian Society and the Holocaust". Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs (JCFA) (45). Israel Council of Foreign Relations. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- Kelso, Daina S.; Eglitis (December 15, 2014). "Holocaust commemoration in Romania: Roma and the contested politics of memory and memorialization". Journal of Genocide Research. 16 (4): 487–511. doi:10.1080/14623528.2014.975949. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- Chelaru, Valeria (2022). "Tradition, Nationalism and Holocaust Memory: Reassessing Antisemitism in Post-Communist Romania". PLURAL. History. Culture. Society. Journal of History and Geography Department, „Ion Creangă” State Pedagogical University (2): 58–84. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- Coakley, Amanda (August 1, 2024). "In Romania, Students See Parallels Between Today and the Pre-Holocaust Era". New Lines Magazine. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- "Ambassador Kathleen Kavalec at Holocaust Conference". U.S. Embassy in Romania. October 28, 2024. Retrieved November 2, 2024.
- ↑
- "Murder of the Jews of Romania". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "The Holocaust in Odesa". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "Justice for Uncompensated Survivors Today (JUST) Act Report: Romania". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- ↑
- "World War II – 60 Years After: Former Romanian Monarch Remembers Decision To Switch Sides". Radio Liberty. May 6, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "King Michael of Romania, Who Ousted a Hitler Puppet, Dies at 96". The New York Times. December 5, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
- "King Michael: Romania bids farewell to former monarch". BBC. December 16, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
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