List of vice presidents of the United States
second highest ranking official of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States
(Redirected from List of Vice Presidents of the United States)
The following is a list of vice presidents of the United States.
Vice presidency[a] | Vice President | Party[b] | Election | President | |||
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1 | April 21, 1789[c] – March 4, 1797 |
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John Adams [1][2][3] |
Pro-Administration[d] | 1788–89 | George Washington[e] | |
Federalist | 1792 | ||||||
2 | March 4, 1797 – March 4, 1801 |
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Thomas Jefferson [4][5][6] |
Democratic-Republican | 1796 | John Adams[f] | |
3 | March 4, 1801 – March 4, 1805 |
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Aaron Burr [7] |
Democratic-Republican | 1800 | Thomas Jefferson | |
4 | March 4, 1805 – April 20, 1812 |
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George Clinton[g] [8] |
Democratic-Republican | 1804 | ||
1808 | James Madison | ||||||
Office vacant April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813[h] | |||||||
5 | March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 |
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Elbridge Gerry[g] [9] |
Democratic-Republican | 1812 | ||
Office vacant November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817[h] | |||||||
6 | March 4, 1817 – March 4, 1825 |
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Daniel D. Tompkins [10] |
Democratic-Republican | 1816 | James Monroe | |
1820 | |||||||
7 | March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832 |
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John C. Calhoun[i] [11] |
Democratic-Republican | 1824 | John Q. Adams | |
Nullifier[j] | 1828 | Andrew Jackson[k] | |||||
Office vacant December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833[h] | |||||||
8 | March 4, 1833 – March 4, 1837 |
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Martin Van Buren [12][13][14] |
Democratic | 1832 | ||
9 | March 4, 1837 – March 4, 1841 |
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Richard Mentor Johnson [15] |
Democratic | 1836 | Martin Van Buren | |
10 | March 4, 1841 – April 4, 1841 |
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John Tyler[l] [16][17][18] |
Whig[m] | 1840 | William H. Harrison [g] | |
Office vacant April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845[h] | John Tyler | ||||||
11 | March 4, 1845 – March 4, 1849 |
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George M. Dallas [19] |
Democratic | 1844 | James K. Polk | |
12 | March 4, 1849 – July 9, 1850 |
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Millard Fillmore[l] [20][21][22] |
Whig | 1848 | Zachary Taylor [g] | |
Office vacant July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853[h] | Millard Fillmore | ||||||
13 | March 4, 1853[n] – April 18, 1853 |
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William R. King[g] [23] |
Democratic | 1852 | Franklin Pierce | |
Office vacant April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857[h] | |||||||
14 | March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 |
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John C. Breckinridge [24] |
Democratic | 1856 | James Buchanan | |
15 | March 4, 1861 – March 4, 1865 |
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Hannibal Hamlin [25] |
Republican | 1860 | Abraham Lincoln[o] | |
16 | March 4, 1865 – April 15, 1865 |
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Andrew Johnson[l] [26][27][28] |
National Union[p] | 1864 | ||
Office vacant April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869[h] | Andrew Johnson | ||||||
17 | March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1873 |
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Schuyler Colfax [29] |
Republican | 1868 | Ulysses S. Grant | |
18 | March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 |
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Henry Wilson[g] [30] |
Republican | 1872 | ||
Office vacant November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877[h] | |||||||
19 | March 4, 1877 – March 4, 1881 |
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William A. Wheeler [31] |
Republican | 1876 | Rutherford B. Hayes | |
20 | March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881 |
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Chester A. Arthur[l] [32][33][34] |
Republican | 1880 | James A. Garfield[q] | |
Office vacant September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885[h] | Chester A. Arthur | ||||||
21 | March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885 |
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Thomas A. Hendricks[g] [35] |
Democratic | 1884 | Grover Cleveland | |
Office vacant November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889[h] | |||||||
22 | March 4, 1889 – March 4, 1893 |
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Levi P. Morton [36] |
Republican | 1888 | Benjamin Harrison | |
23 | March 4, 1893 – March 4, 1897 |
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Adlai Stevenson I [37] |
Democratic | 1892 | Grover Cleveland | |
24 | March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 |
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Garret Hobart[g] [38] |
Republican | 1896 | William McKinley[r] | |
Office vacant November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901[h] | |||||||
25 | March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901 |
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Theodore Roosevelt[l] [39][40][41] |
Republican | 1900 | ||
Office vacant September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905[h] | Theodore Roosevelt | ||||||
26 | March 4, 1905 – March 4, 1909 |
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Charles W. Fairbanks [42] |
Republican | 1904 | ||
27 | March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 |
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James S. Sherman[g] [43] |
Republican | 1908 | William H. Taft | |
Office vacant October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913[h] | |||||||
28 | March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 |
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Thomas R. Marshall [44] |
Democratic | 1912 | Woodrow Wilson | |
1916 | |||||||
29 | March 4, 1921 – August 2, 1923 |
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Calvin Coolidge[l] [45][46][47] |
Republican | 1920 | Warren G. Harding [g] | |
Office vacant August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925[h] | Calvin Coolidge | ||||||
30 | March 4, 1925 – March 4, 1929 |
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Charles G. Dawes [48] |
Republican | 1924 | ||
31 | March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 |
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Charles Curtis [49] |
Republican | 1928 | Herbert Hoover | |
32 | March 4, 1933 – January 20, 1941 |
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John Garner [50] |
Democratic | 1932 | Franklin D. Roosevelt[g] | |
1936 | |||||||
33 | January 20, 1941 – January 20, 1945 |
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Henry A. Wallace [51] |
Democratic | 1940 | ||
34 | January 20, 1945 – April 12, 1945 |
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Harry S. Truman[l] [52][53][54] |
Democratic | 1944 | ||
Office vacant April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949[h] | Harry S. Truman | ||||||
35 | January 20, 1949 – January 20, 1953 |
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Alben W. Barkley [55] |
Democratic | 1948 | ||
36 | January 20, 1953 – January 20, 1961 |
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Richard Nixon [56][57][58] |
Republican | 1952 | Dwight D. Eisenhower | |
1956 | |||||||
37 | January 20, 1961 – November 22, 1963 |
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Lyndon B. Johnson[l] [59][60] |
Democratic | 1960 | John F. Kennedy[s] | |
Office vacant November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965[h] | Lyndon B. Johnson | ||||||
38 | January 20, 1965 – January 20, 1969 |
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Hubert Humphrey [61] |
Democratic | 1964 | ||
39 | January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 |
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Spiro Agnew[i] [62] |
Republican | 1968 | Richard Nixon[i] | |
1972 | |||||||
Office vacant October 10 – December 6, 1973[t] | |||||||
40 | December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 |
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Gerald Ford[l] [63][64][65] |
Republican | |||
Office vacant August 9 – December 19, 1974[t] | Gerald Ford | ||||||
41 | December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
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Nelson Rockefeller [66] |
Republican | |||
42 | January 20, 1977 – January 20, 1981 |
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Walter Mondale [67] |
Democratic | 1976 | Jimmy Carter | |
43 | January 20, 1981 – January 20, 1989 |
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George H. W. Bush [68][69][70] |
Republican | 1980 | Ronald Reagan | |
1984 | |||||||
44 | January 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 |
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Dan Quayle [71] |
Republican | 1988 | George H. W. Bush | |
45 | January 20, 1993 – January 20, 2001 |
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Al Gore [72] |
Democratic | 1992 | Bill Clinton | |
1996 | |||||||
46 | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2009 |
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Dick Cheney [73] |
Republican | 2000 | George W. Bush | |
2004 | |||||||
47 | January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
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Joe Biden [74] |
Democratic | 2008 | Barack Obama | |
2012 | |||||||
48 | January 20, 2017 - January 20, 2021 |
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Mike Pence [75][76] |
Republican | 2016 | Donald Trump | |
49 | January 20, 2021 – Present |
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Kamala Harris | Democratic | 2020 | Joe Biden |
Living former vice presidents
changeNotes
change- ↑ The U.S. vice presidents are counted according to uninterrupted periods of time served by the same person. For example, John Adams served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first vice president (not the first and second). Likewise, George Clinton is counted as the fourth and John Calhoun as the seventh, even though each one's consecutive terms in office were served under more than one president. Following the resignation of 39th vice president Spiro Agnew, Gerald Ford became the 40th vice president even though he was chosen to serve out the remainder of Agnew's second term. Then, after Ford succeeded to the presidency later in that same term, Nelson Rockefeller became the 41st vice president and served out the remainder of the term.
- ↑ Reflects the vice president's political party at the start of their vice presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name.
- ↑ Due to logistical delays, John Adams assumed the office of vice president 1 month and 17 days after the March 4, 1789 scheduled start of operations of the new government under the Constitution. As a result, his first term was only 1,413 days long, and was the shortest term for a U.S. vice president who served a full term.
- ↑ Pro-Administration is a contemporary term for the supporters of the political and economic policies of the Washington Administration prior to the formation of the Federalist and Democratic–Republican parties.
- ↑ George Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, he was, and remains, the only U.S. President never to be affiliated with a political party.
- ↑ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and resulted in a situation where the persons elected president and vice president belonged to opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected President, and Thomas Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 Died in office of natural causes.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, February 10, 1967, an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency could not be filled.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Resigned from office
- ↑ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the political coalition emerging around Jackson.
- ↑ Andrew Jackson's supporters from the former Democratic-Republican Party, which had largely collapsed by the mid-1820s, began calling themselves 'Democrat' during his first term in office, thus marking the evolution of Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party into the modern Democratic Party.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 12.8 Succeeded to the presidency intra-term.
- ↑ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party in September 1841.
- ↑ Ill with tuberculosis, William King traveled to Cuba after the 1852 election in an effort to regain his health, and was not able to be in Washington, D.C. to take his oath of office on March 4, 1853. By an Act of Congress, he was allowed to take the oath outside the United States, and was sworn in on March 24, 1853 near Matanzas, Cuba. He is the only vice president to take his oath of office in a foreign country.
- ↑ Died April 15, 1865; see Assassination of Abraham Lincoln for further details.
- ↑ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket. Later, while president, Johnson tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson rejoined the Democratic Party.
- ↑ Died September 19, 1881; see Assassination of James A. Garfield for further details.
- ↑ Died September 14, 1901; see Assassination of William McKinley for further details.
- ↑ Died November 22, 1963; see Assassination of John F. Kennedy for further details.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 The Twenty-fifth Amendment established a process whereby an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency is filled by presidential appointment.
References
change- ↑ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John Adams". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Thomas Jefferson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Aaron Burr (1801–1805) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "George Clinton (1805–1809) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on October 21, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "John C. Calhoun (1825–1829) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Richard M. Johnson (1837–1841) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of John Tyler". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "George M. Dallas (1845–1849) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Millard Fillmore". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "William R. D. King (1853) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Andrew Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Henry Wilson (1873–1875) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Chester A. Arthur". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Levi P. Morton – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Adlai E. Stevenson (1893–1897) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Garret A. Hobart (1897–1899) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Charles W. Fairbanks – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "James S. Sherman – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Thomas R. Marshall – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Calvin Coolidge". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Charles G. Dawes – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Charles Curtis – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "John N. Garner (1933–1941) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Harry S Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Harry S. Truman". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Alben W. Barkley – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Richard M. Nixon". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Hubert H. Humphrey – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Spiro T. Agnew (1969–1973) – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. Archived from the original on March 5, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of Gerald R. Ford". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "Nelson A. Rockefeller – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Walter Mondale – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
- ↑ "Life Portrait of George H.W. Bush". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved March 7, 2016.
- ↑ "J. Danforth Quayle – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Albert Gore, Jr. – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Richard B. Cheney – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ "Joseph Biden – Vice President". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on September 17, 2016. Retrieved September 6, 2016.
- ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt; Barbaro, Michael (November 9, 2016). "Donald Trump Is Elected President in Stunning Repudiation of the Establishment". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
- ↑ "Vice President Mike Pence". whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2017.[permanent dead link]
Other websites
changeWikimedia Commons has media related to Vice Presidents of the United States.
- Vice presidents of the United States. CNN. July 22, 2016. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- Mark O. Hatfield, et al.; edited by Wendy Wolff (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993. U.S. Senate Historical Office. U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington.