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List of historical states of Greater Iran

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This is a list of historical states of Greater Iran. The Greater Iran (Persian: ایران بزرگ, Irān-e Bozorg), also known as Persosphere, refers to a sociocultural region in which the Iranian traditions and the Iranian languages have had a significant impact. It spans parts of the West Asia, the Caucasus, the Central Asia, the South Asia, and the Xinjiang.

Antiquity

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  • Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) – of Persian origin
  • Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) – of Parni origin
  • Sasanian Empire (224–651) – of Persian origin

Medieval

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  • Qarinvand dynasty (550s–11th-century) – of unknown Iranian origin
  • Dabuyids (642–760) – of unknown Iranian origin[a]
  • Bavand dynasty (651–1349) – of unknown Iranian origin
  • Baduspanids (665–1598) – of unknown Iranian origin
  • Sadakiyans (770–827) – of Kurdish origin
  • Justanids (791–11th-century) – of unknown Iranian origin
  • Tahirid dynasty (821–873) – of Persian origin[3]
  • Samanid Empire (819–999) – of unknown Iranian origin[b]
  • Saffarids (861–1003) – of eastern Iranian origin[4][c]
  • Alid dynasties of northern Iran (864–900/914–928) – of Arab origin
  • Sajids (889–929) – of Sogdian origin[12]
  • Ghurids (before 879–1219) – probably Tajik[13][14]
  • Sallarids (919–1062) – of Daylamite origin
  • Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090) – of Gilak origin
  • Buyid dynasty (934–1062) – of Daylamite origin[d]
  • Shaddadids (951–1199) – of Kurdish origin[15][16][17][18][e]
  • Rawadids (955–1070/1116)[f] – of Arab origin, later Kurdicized[18]
  • Hasanwayhids (959–1015) – of Kurdish origin[17]
  • Ghaznavids (977–1186) – of unknown Turkic origin[g]
  • Marwanids (983/990–1085)[h] – of Kurdish origin[21][17][18]
  • Annazids (990/991–1117) – of Kurdish origin[22][17]
  • Kakuyids (1008–1141) – of Daylamite origin
  • Seljuk Empire (1037–1194) – of Oghuz Turkic origin
  • Kerman Seljuk Sultanate (1041–1187) – of Oghuz Turkic origin
  • Khwarazmian Empire (1077–1231) – of unknown Turkic origin[i]
  • Hazaraspids (1115–1425) – of Kurdish origin[26]
  • Ahmadilis (1122–1225) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin
  • Eldiguzids (1136–1225) – of Kipchak origin
  • Atabegs of Yazd (1141–1319) – of Persian origin
  • Salghurids (1148–1282) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin
  • Qutlugh-Khanids (1222–1306) – of Khitan origin
  • Ilkhanate (1260–1335) – of Mongol origin
  • Kartids (1244–1381) – of Tajik origin
  • Jalayirids (1335–1432) – of Mongol origin
  • Muzaffarids (1314–1393) – of Arab origin[27]
  • Injuids (1335–1357) – of Persian origin
  • Chobanids (1338–1357) – of Mongol origin
  • Afrasiyab dynasty (1349–1504) – of unknown Iranian origin
  • Timurid Empire (1370–1507) – of unknown Turkic and Mongol origin[j][k]
  • Qara Qoyunlu (1374–1468) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin
  • Aq Qoyunlu (1378–1503) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin
  • Safavid Iran (1501–1736) – of Kurdish origin[34][l]
  • Afsharid Iran (1736–1796) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin[m]
  • Zand dynasty (1751–1794) – of Lur origin

Modern period

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  • Qajar Iran (1789–1925) – of Oghuz Turkic (Turkoman) origin[n]
  • Pahlavi Iran (1925–1979) – of Mazanderani and Georgian origin

Short-lived governments

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  • Socialist Soviet Republic of Iran (1920–1921)
  • Azadistan (1920–1920)
  • Interim Government of Iran (1979–1979)

Small entities

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Antiquity

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  • Atropatene (c. 323 BC–226 AD)
  • Kings of Persis (after 132 BCE–224 CE)
  • Elymais (147 BC–221/222 AD)

Medieval

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  • Khoy Khanate (1210–1799)
  • Mukriyan (c. 1400–c. 1800)
  • Ardalan (14th century–1865/1868)

Modern period

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  • Qara Bayat Amirdom (1747–1800)
  • Ardabil Khanate (1747–1808)
  • Karadagh Khanate (1747–1828)
  • Marand Khanate (1747–1828)
  • Khalkal Khanate (1747–1809)
  • Sarab Khanate (after 1747–?)
  • Tabriz Khanate (1757–1799)
  • Hasan Khan dynasty in Pish-e Kuh (1795–1820)[40]

References

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  1. ↑ Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: IB Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3. p. 302.
  2. ↑ Madelung, Wilferd (1993). "DABUYIDS". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. VI, Fasc. 5. pp. 541–544.
  3. ↑ Bosworth 1975, p. 90.
  4. ↑ Baumer, Christoph (2016). The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols. Vol. Three. I.B. Tauris. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-78453-490-5.
  5. ↑ "Saffarid dynasty". The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press. 2010. doi:10.1093/acref/9780198662624.001.0001. ISBN 9780198662624. One of the first indigenous Persian dynasties to emerge after the Arab Islamic invasions.
  6. ↑ Savory, Roger M. (1996). "The History of the Saffarids of Sistan and the Maliks of Nimruz (247/861 to 949/1542–3)". Journal of the American Oriental Society. doi:10.2307/605756. JSTOR 605756. First, the Saffarid amirs and maliks were rulers of Persian stock who for centuries championed the cause of the underdog against the might of the Abbasid caliphs.
  7. ↑ al Saffar, Ya'kub b. al-Layth; Bosworth, C. E. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. XI. p. 255. The provincial Persian Ya'kub, on the other hand, rejoiced in his plebeian origins, denounced the Abbasids as usurpers, and regarded both the caliphs and such governors from aristocratic Arab families as the Tahirids with contempt
  8. ↑ Meisami, Julie Scott; Starkey, Paul (eds.). Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature. Vol. 2. p. 674. Saffarids: A Persian dynasty.....
  9. ↑ Aldosari, Ali. Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. p. 472. There were many local Persian dynasties, including the Tahirids, the Saffarids....
  10. ↑ Cannon, Garland Hampton. The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: An Historical Dictionary. p. 288. Saffarid, the Coppersmith, the epithet of the founder of this Persian dynasty...
  11. ↑ Daftary, Farhad. Historical Dictionary of the Ismailis. p. 51. The Saffarids, the first Persian dynasty, to challenge the Abbasids...
  12. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 147.
  13. ↑ Bosworth, C. E. (2001). "Ghurids". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. pp. 586–590: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks."
  14. ↑ Wink, André (2020). The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c. 700–1800 CE. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108417747. p. 78.
  15. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 151.
  16. ↑ Peacock 2000.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Kennedy 2016, p. 215.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Vacca 2017, p. 7.
  19. ↑ Peacock, A. C. S. (2013-02-01). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-135-15369-4. The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III...
  20. ↑ O'Kane, Bernard (2009). The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art. Persian Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-934283-16-5. a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated
  21. ↑ Bosworth 1996, p. 89.
  22. ↑ Aḥmad 1985, p. 97–98.
  23. ↑ Fadlullah, Rashid al-Din (1987). Oghuznameh. Baku: Elm. p. 47. Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family.
  24. ↑ Buniyatov, Z.M (1986). The State of Khwarazmshah-Anushteginids (1097-1231). Nauka. p. 80.
  25. ↑ Bosworth 1986, p. 140.
  26. ↑ Bosworth 2003, p. 93.
  27. ↑ Roemer 1986, p. 11.
  28. ↑ Afghanistan A Country Study · Volume 550, Issues 65–986. The Studies. 1986. p. 11. ISBN 978-0160239298 – via University of California. Timur was of both Turkish and Mongol descent and claimed Genghis Khan as an ancestor {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. 2002. p. 377 – via Indiana University. First of all, Timur's genealogy gives him a common ancestor with Chinggis Khan in Tumbinai – sechen or Tumanay Khan {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Woods, John E. (2002). Timur and Chinggis Khan. Eighth International Congress of Mongolists being convened under the patronage of N. Bagabandi, president of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: OUMSKh-ny Nariĭn bichgiĭn darga naryn gazar. p. 377.
  31. ↑ Henry Cabot Lodge (1916). The History of Nations Volume 14. P. F. Collier & son. p. 46. ISBN 978-0160239298 – via University of Minnesota. Timur the Lame, from the effects of an early wound, a name which some European writers have converted into Tamerlane, or Tamberlaine. He was of Mongol origin, and a direct descendant, by the mother's side, of Genghis Khan
  32. ↑ Ahmad ibn Arabshah; McChesney, Robert D. (2017). Tamerlane: The Life of the Great Amir. Translated by MM Khorramia. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 4. ISBN 978-1784531706.
  33. ↑ Fischel, Walter J. (1952). Ibn Khaldun and Tamerlane. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 37.
  34. ↑ Amoretti & Matthee 2009: "Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"
    Matthee 2005, p. 18: "The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background, did not fit this pattern, although the stat they set up with the aid of Turkmen tribal forces of Eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup. Yet, the Turk versus Tajik division was not impregnable."
    Matthee 2008: "As Persians of Kurdish ancestry and of a non-tribal background, the Safavids did not fit this pattern, though the state they set up with the assistance of Turkmen tribal forces of eastern Anatolia closely resembled this division in its makeup."
    Savory 2008, p. 8: "This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."
    Hamid 2006, p. 456–474: "The Safavids originated as a hereditary lineage of Sufi shaikhs centered on Ardabil, Shafeʿite in school and probably Kurdish in origin."
    Amanat 2017, p. 40 "The Safavi house originally was among the landowning nobility of Kurdish origin, with affinity to the Ahl-e Haqq in Kurdistan (chart 1). In the twelfth century, the family settled in northeastern Azarbaijan, where Safi al-Din Ardabili (d. 1334), the patriarch of the Safavid house and Ismail's ancestor dating back six generations, was a revered Sufi leader."
    Tapper 1997, p. 39: "The Safavid Shahs who ruled Iran between 1501 and 1722 descended from Sheikh Safi ad-Din of Ardabil (1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction, they later claimed descent from the Prophet."
    Manz 2021, p. 169: "The Safavid dynasty was of Iranian – probably Kurdish – extraction and had its beginnings as a Sufi order located at Ardabil near the eastern border of Azerbaijan, in a region favorable for both agriculture and pastoralism."
  35. ↑ Haider, Najam (2014). Shī'ī Islam: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107625785. p. 155.
  36. ↑ Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300035315. pp. 101, 107, 194.
  37. ↑ Daftary, Farhad (2013). A History of Shi'i Islam. IB Tauris. ISBN 9781780768410. p. 82.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Yarshater 2004, p. 238–241.
  39. ↑ Sümer 1978, p. 387.
  40. ↑ Dehqn, Mustafa (2009). "Arkawāzī and His Baweyaļ: A Feylî Elegiac Verse from Piştiku". Iranian Studies. 42 (3): 409–422. doi:10.1080/00210860902907362. JSTOR 25597563. S2CID 159957313.

Sources

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Notes

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  1. ↑ According to Ibn Isfandiyar, the Dabuyids were descended from Djamasp, a brother of the Sassanid shah Kavadh I. Gil Gavbara was the grandson of Piruz, who is described as brave as the Iranian mythological hero Rostam. Piruz later became the ruler of Gilan, and married a local princess who bore him a son named Gilanshah, who in turn had a son, Gil Gavbara.[1][2]
  2. ↑ They claimed descent from Bahram Chobin, the Sasanian emperor from House of Mihran.
  3. ↑ Numerous sources call the dynasty Persian:[5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
  4. ↑ They claimed descent from Bahram V, the Sasanian emperor.
  5. ↑ They claimed descent from Sasanian dynasty.[18]
  6. ↑ The Rawadids were part of the Iranian intermezzo.[18]
  7. ↑ They claimed descent from Yazdgerd III, the last Sasanian empeor[19] but this was "a fictitious genealogy" they themselves had promulgated.[20]
  8. ↑ The Marwanids were part of the Iranian intermezzo.[18]
  9. ↑ Medieval historians such as Hafiz-i Abru and Rashid al-Din believed that Anushtegin, the founder of Khwarazmian Empire, was from Begdili tribe of Oghuz Turks,[23][24] while Turkish historian Kafesoğlu states that Anushtegin was either of Khalaj or Chigil origin and the Bashkir historian Zeki Velidi Togan believes he was of Kipchak, Qanghli or Uyghur descent.[25]
  10. ↑ Timur, the founder of empire, was of both Turkic and Mongol descent, and, while probably not a direct descendant on either side, he shared a common ancestor with Genghis Khan on his father's side,[28][29][30] though some authors have suggested his mother may have been a descendant of the Genghis Khan.[31][32]
  11. ↑ Timur, the founder of empire, himself claimed to be a relative of Manuchehr on his mother's side, a legendary figure of Persian mythology and, according to the Shahnameh, the eighth shah of the Pishdadian dynasty of Iran.[33]
  12. ↑ The Safavids also claimed descent from Musa al-Kazim, the seventh Shia Imam.[35][36] This claim has been doubted.[37]
  13. ↑ The Afshars were a Turkoman tribe.[38]
  14. ↑ The Qajars were a Turkoman tribe.[38][39]
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