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Most distant things

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This article lists the most distant things known to us, all of which are galaxies or energy sources inside galaxies. Their distances are described in two ways. redshift = z, and billion light years (Gly).

Composite image of five galaxies clustered together just 600 million years after theBig Bang.[1]

As of 2012, there are only about 50 possible objects z=8 or farther, and another 100 z=7 candidates.[2] Candidates vary in their notability,[2] so not everything is included here. 1 Gly = 1 billion light-years = 109 ly.

Examples of the most distant things
Name Redshift
(z) 		Distance
(Gly) 		Type Notes
GN-z11 z = 10.6 13.39 Galaxy Confirmed galaxy[3]
EGSY8p7 z = 8.68 13.23 Galaxy Confirmed galaxy[4]
GRB 090423 z = 8.2 13.18 Gamma-ray burst [5][6]
EGS-zs8-1 z = 7.73 13.13 Galaxy Confirmed galaxy[7]
z7 GSD 3811 z = 7.66 13.11 Galaxy galaxy[8]
z8 GND 5296 z≅ 7.51 13.1 Galaxy Note the discrepancy between distance and red-shift.[9]
UDFj-39546284 z≅11.9 13.37 Protogalaxy This is a protogalaxy.[10][11]
MACS0647-JD z≅10.8 13.3 Galaxy or protogalaxy Candidate most distant galaxy.[12][13]
MACS J1149-JD z≅9.6 13.2[14] Galaxy or protogalaxy [15]
GRB 090429B z≅9.4 13.14 [16] Gamma-ray burst/progenitor/remnant [17]
UDFy-33436598 z≅8.6 Galaxy or protogalaxy [18]
GRB 090423 z≅8.2 13.035 Gamma-ray burst/progenitor/remnant [19]
BoRG-58 z≅8 Cluster or protocluster Protocluster candidate [20]
A1689-zD1 z≅7.6 13 Galaxy or protogalaxy Galaxy [21]
SXDF-NB1006-2 z≅7.215 12.91 Galaxy or protogalaxy Galaxy [22][23]
GN-108036 z≅7.213 12.91 Galaxy or protogalaxy Galaxy[23][24]
BDF-3299 z=7.109 12.9 Galaxy or protogalaxy, spectroscopic redshift. Vanzella et al. (2011), ApJ,730,35
ULAS J1120+0641 z≅7.085 12.9 [25] Quasar [26]
A1703 zD6 z≅7.045 12.89 Galaxy or protogalaxy [23]
BDF-521 z=7.008 12.89 Galaxy or protogalaxy, spectroscopic redshift. Vanzella et al. (2011), ApJ,730,35
IOK-1 z≅6.964 12.88 Galaxy or protogalaxy [23]
LAE J095950.99+021219.1 z≅6.944 Galaxy or protogalaxy Lyman-alpha emitter—Faint Galaxy[27]
  • UDFy-38135539 is the furthest confirmed object (spectroscopically analysed) at 13.1 Gly.
change
 
Hubble looking into the past.

References

change
  1. ↑ "Hubble pinpoints furthest protocluster of galaxies ever seen". ESA/Hubble Press Release. Retrieved 13 January 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 FirstGalaxies, Our latest results
  3. ↑ "A Remarkably luminous galaxy at z = 11.1 measured with Hubble Space Telescope Grism spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal. 819 (2): 129. 2016. arXiv:1603.00461. Bibcode:2016ApJ...819..129O. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/819/2/129. S2CID 119262750. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  4. ↑ "Lyman-alpha emission from a luminous z = 8.68 galaxy: implications for galaxies as tracers of cosmic reionization". The Astrophysical Journal. 810 (1): L12. 2015. arXiv:1507.02679. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810L..12Z. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/810/1/L12. S2CID 11524667. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  5. ↑ NASA, New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009
  6. ↑ Tanvir N.R.; et al. (2009). "A gamma-ray burst at a redshift of z~8.2". Nature. 461 (7268): 1254–1257. arXiv:0906.1577. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1254T. doi:10.1038/nature08459. PMID 19865165. S2CID 205218350.
  7. ↑ "A Spectroscopic Redshift Measurement for a Luminous Lyman Break Galaxy at z = 7.730 using Keck/MOSFIRE". The Astrophysical Journal. 804 (2): L30. 2015. arXiv:1502.05399. Bibcode:2015ApJ...804L..30O. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L30. S2CID 55115344. {{cite journal}}: Cite uses deprecated parameter |authors= (help)
  8. ↑ Song M; et al. (2016). "KECK/MOSFIRE SPECTROSCOPY OFz= 7–8 GALAXIES: LyαEMISSION FROM a GALAXY ATz= 7.66". The Astrophysical Journal. 826 (2): 113. arXiv:1602.02160. Bibcode:2016ApJ...826..113S. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/113. S2CID 51806693.
  9. ↑ Finkelstein S.L. et al 2013. A galaxy rapidly forming stars 700 million years after the Big Bang at redshift 7.51". Nature. 502: 524. [1]
  10. ↑ Wall, Mike (December 12, 2012). "Ancient galaxy may be most distant ever seen". Space.com. Retrieved December 12, 2012. 13.75 Big Bang - 0.38 = 13.37
  11. ↑ HubbleSite, "NASA's Hubble finds most distant galaxy candidate ever seen in Universe", STScI-2011-05, 26 January 2011
  12. ↑ information@eso.org. "Hubble spots three magnified views of most distant known galaxy". www.spacetelescope.org.
  13. ↑ "CLASH: Three Strongly Lensed Images of a Candidate z ~ 11 Galaxy - BibSonomy". www.bibsonomy.org.
  14. ↑ "NASA - NASA Telescopes Spy Ultra-Distant Galaxy". www.nasa.gov.
  15. ↑ Zheng W. et al 2012. A magnified young galaxy from about 500 million years after the Big Bang. Nature 489 (7416): 406–408. [2]
  16. ↑ Penn State SCIENCE, "Cosmic explosion is new candidate for most distant object in the Universe" Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine, Derek. B. Fox , Barbara K. Kennedy , 25 May 2011
  17. ↑ Space Daily, Explosion helps researcher spot Universe's most distant object, 27 May 2011
  18. ↑ "The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (annotated)". sci.esa.int.
  19. ↑ NASA, "New gamma-ray burst smashes cosmic distance record" Archived 2011-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, 28 April 2009
  20. ↑ Trenti, Michele; Bradley, L. D.; Stiavelli, M.; Shull, J. M.; Oesch, P.; Bouwens, R. J.; Muñoz, J. A.; Romano-Diaz, E.; Treu, T.; Shlosman, I.; Carollo, C. M. (1 February 2012). "Overdensities of Y-dropout Galaxies from the Brightest-of-Reionizing Galaxies Survey: A Candidate Protocluster at Redshift z ≈ 8". The Astrophysical Journal. 746 (1): 55. arXiv:1110.0468. Bibcode:2012ApJ...746...55T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/746/1/55. S2CID 119294290 – via NASA ADS.
  21. ↑ "heic0805: Hubble finds strong contender for galaxy distance record". ESA/Hubble. 2008-02-12. Archived from the original on 8 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
  22. ↑ "TMT - SXDF-NB1006-2". Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-09-06.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Press Release - Discovery of the Most Distant Galaxy in the Cosmic Dawn - Subaru Telescope". www.subarutelescope.org. Archived from the original on 2019-06-04. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  24. ↑ "NASA - NASA Telescopes Help Find Rare Galaxy at Dawn of Time". www.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 2017-06-09. Retrieved 2019-02-15.
  25. ↑ information@eso.org. "Most Distant Quasar Found". www.eso.org.
  26. ↑ Scientific American, "Brilliant, but distant: most far-flung known quasar offers glimpse into early universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011
  27. ↑ Rhoads; et al. (2012). "A Lyα GALAXY AT REDSHIFT z = 6.944 IN THE COSMOS FIELD". The Astrophysical Journal. 752 (2): L28. arXiv:1205.3161v1. Bibcode:2012ApJ...752L..28R. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/752/2/L28. S2CID 118383532.
  28. ↑ https://arxiv.org/PS_cache/astro-ph/pdf/0209/0209205v2.pdf
  29. ↑ Uson, Juan M.; et al. (1990). "The central galaxy in Abell 2029 – an old supergiant". Science. 250 (4980): 539–540. Bibcode:1990Sci...250..539U. doi:10.1126/science.250.4980.539. PMID 17751483. S2CID 23362384.
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