Parasympathetic nervous system

*Parasympathetic nervous system*
Parasympathetic nervous system
	Nerves of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerves, and the body parts they affect, are shown in blue.
Identifiers
MeSH	D010275
TA	A14.3.02.001
FMA	9907
	Anatomical terminology [edit on Wikidata]

The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS or PSNS) is part of the autonomic nervous system. It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system. This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects. The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger. When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."

Effects

The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects. It affects every part of the body, including:^[1]

The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower. This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
The lungs: Breathing slows down. The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines. The stomach and intestines also work faster. This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider. (This is called vasodilation.) This helps make the blood pressure lower. It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.

Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system. For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower. Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating.^[1]

However, in a healthy person, the brain realizes when the parasympathetic nervous system's effects are getting too strong. For example, the brain may realize that the person is breathing too slowly, or that their heart rate is too low. The brain reacts by making the sympathetic nervous system kick in. Because the sympathetic nervous system has the opposite effects, it will make the person breathe faster and raise their heart rate. These two systems have to balance each other constantly for a person to stay healthy.^[1]

Control

The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled mostly by the vagus nerve.^[2] This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord. The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine.^[2] This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

Related pages

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Low, MD, Phillip. "Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System". Merck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Blakemore, Colin, and Jennett, Shelia 2001 (2001). The Oxford Companion to the Body 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198524038.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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[merck-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Low, MD, Phillip. "Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System". Merck Manual Professional Version. Merck & Co., Inc.

[oxford-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Blakemore, Colin, and Jennett, Shelia 2001 (2001). The Oxford Companion to the Body 2001. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198524038.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

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