Philipp Lenard
Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard (7 June 1862 – 20 May 1947) was a Hungarian-born German physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905 for his work on cathode rays. His most important work was his study of the photoelectric effect. He discovered that the energy (speed) of the electrons from a cathode depends on the wavelength, not the intensity of the light.
Philipp Lenard | |
|---|---|
 Philipp Lenard in 1900 | |
| Born | Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard 7 June 1862 |
| Died | 20 May 1947 (aged 84) |
| Citizenship | Hungarian[1] in Austria-Hungary (1862–1907), German (1907–1947) |
| Alma mater | University of Heidelberg |
| Known for | Cathode rays |
| Scientific career | |
| Doctoral advisor | R. Bunsen G. H. Quincke |
Lenard was a nationalist and anti-Semite. He was a supporter of Adolf Hitler in the 1920s. He was a role model for the "Deutsche Physik" movement during the Nazi period. He said that Albert Einstein's contributions to science were "Jewish physics".
Early life and work
changePhilipp Lenard was born in Pressburg (today's Bratislava), on 7 June 1862 in the Kingdom of Hungary. The Lenard family were of German-descent.[2] His father, Philipp von Lenardis (1812–1896), was a wine-merchant in Pressburg. His mother was Antonie Baumann (1831–1865). In 1880, he studied physics and chemistry in Vienna and Budapest, going back to Pressburg in 1882. After being refused an assistant's position in the University of Budapest in 1883, he moved to Heidelberg. He studied under the Robert Bunsen, and also one semester in Berlin with Hermann von Helmholtz. He gained a doctoral degree in 1886.[3] In 1887 he went back to Budapest to work for Loránd Eötvös. After working in Aachen, Bonn, Breslau, Heidelberg (1896–1898), and Kiel (1898–1907), he went back to the University of Heidelberg in 1907 as the head of the Philipp Lenard Institute. In 1905, Lenard became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1907, he became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
He studied phosphorescence, luminescence, and the conductivity of flames.
Contributions to physics
changePhotoelectric investigations
change
Lenard began the study of cathode rays in 1888. These rays were made in simple, partially evacuated glass tubes. Inside were metallic electrodes across which a high voltage could be placed. It was difficult to study the rays inside the sealed glass tubes. They were difficult to access, and there were still air molecules in the tubes. Lenard was able to make small metallic windows in the glass, thick enough to be able to withstand the pressure, but thin enough to let the rays pass through. He could pass the rays out into the laboratory, or into another chamber that was completely airless. These windows are now known as Lenard windows. He could easily detect the rays and measure their intensity by using paper sheets with a layer of phosphorescent materials.[4]
Lenard saw that the absorption of cathode rays was proportional to the density of the material they passed through. This was opposite to the idea that they were some sort of electromagnetic radiation. He also showed that the rays could pass through the air and appeared to be scattered by it. This meant that they must be particles that were even smaller than the molecules in air. He confirmed some of J.J. Thomson's work, and this showed that cathode rays were streams of negatively charged energetic particles. He called them quanta of electricity or for short quanta, after Helmholtz. J.J. Thomson had called them corpuscles, but electrons became the everyday term.[5] Lenard used this knowledge, together with the results of his and others' earlier experiments on the absorption of the rays in metals. He showed that electrons were parts of the atom. Lenard worked out that atoms were mostly empty space. He said that every atom consists of empty space and electrically neutral corpuscules called "dynamids", each consisting of an electron and an equal positive charge.
He experimented using a Crookes tube. He showed that the rays produced by irradiating metals in a vacuum with ultraviolet light were like cathode rays. He found that the energy of the rays was independent of the light intensity, but was greater for shorter wavelengths of light.[6]
Albert Einstein explained this as a quantum effect. This theory said that the plot of the cathode ray energy versus the frequency would be a straight line with a slope equal to Planck's constant, h. This was proved some years later. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this theory. Lenard did not like the attention given to Einstein. He did not believe in Einsteins theories, including relativity. However he did agree with Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect.
Lenard received the 1905 Nobel Prize for Physics in recognition of this work.
Meteorological contributions
changeLenard was the first person to study what is now called the Lenard effect in 1892. This is the separation of electric charges related to the aerodynamic breakup of water drops. It is also known as spray electrification or the waterfall effect.[7]
He studied the size and shapes of raindrops. He built a wind tunnel in which water droplets could be held still for a few seconds. He discovered that large raindrops are not tear-shaped, but are rather shaped like a hamburger bun.[8]
Deutsche Physik
changeLenard was a strong German nationalist, and did not like "English physics". He thought the English had stolen their ideas from Germany.[9][10][11] He joined the National Socialist Party before it was popular. He said that Germany should rely on "Deutsche Physik" and ignore what he said were the false and deliberately misleading ideas of "Jewish physics". By this he meant the theories of Albert Einstein, including "the Jewish fraud" of relativity. He became an advisor to Adolf Hitler, and the Chief of Aryan physics.
Lenard retired from Heidelberg University as professor of theoretical physics in 1931. He was removed from his honorary position by Allied occupation forces in 1945. The Helmholtz-Gymnasium Heidelberg had been named the Philipp Lenard Schule from 1927 until 1945. it was renamed in September 1945, The military government were removing Nazi street names and monuments .[12] Lenard died in 1947 in Messelhausen, Germany.
- Royal Society: Rumford Medal, 1896
- Italian Society of Sciences: Matteucci Medal, 1896
- French Academy of Sciences: Prix La Caze, 1897[13]
- Franklin Institute: Franklin Medal, 1932
- Nobel Prize for Physics, 1905
- A crater near the north pole of the moon was after him in 2008.
Bibliography
change- Lenard, Philipp (1906). Über Kathodenstrahlen (On Cathode Rays) (in German). J.A. Barth.
- Lenard, Philipp. Über Aether und Materie (On Aether and Matter) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1914). Probleme komplexer Moleküle (Problems of complex molecules) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1918). Quantitatives über Kathodenstrahlen (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1918). Über das Relativitätsprinzip (On the Principle of Relativity) (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1921). Aether und Uraether (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1930). Grosse Naturforscher (in German).
- Lenard, Philipp (1931) (in German). Erinnerungen eines Naturforschers. New edition: Erinnerungen eines Naturforschers – Kritische annotierte Ausgabe des Originaltyposkriptes von 1931/1843 (Arne Schirrmacher, ed.). Springer Verlag, Heidelberg 2010, 344 pages, ISBN 978-3-540-89047-8, e-ISBN 978-3-540-89048-5.
- Lenard, Philipp (1933). Great Men of Science. London: G. Bell and sons. OCLC 1156317.
- Lenard, Philipp (1936). Deutsche Physik in vier Bänden (in German). J.F. Lehmann. OCLC 13814543.
Notes
change- ↑ "Lénárd Fülöp (1862–1947)". Sulinet (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 2007-11-16.
- ↑ Pöss, Ondrej (2012). "Karpatskí Nemci". In Myrtil Nagy (ed.). Naše národnostné menšiny. Šamorín: Fórum inštitút pre výskum menšín. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-80-89249-57-2.
- ↑ "Lénárd Fülöp". Mek.iif.hu. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
- ↑ Philipp Lenard (1894). "Ueber Kathodenstrahlen in Gasen von atmosphärischem Druck und im äussersten Vacuum". Annalen der Physik. 287 (2): 225–267. Bibcode:1894AnP...287..225L. doi:10.1002/andp.18942870202.
- ↑ "Lenard's Nobel lecture (1906)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ↑ Wheaton, Bruce R. (1978). "Philipp Lenard and the Photoelectric Effect, 1889-1911". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 9: 299–322. doi:10.2307/27757381. JSTOR 27757381.
- ↑ "American Meteorological Society Glossary". Amsglossary.allenpress.com. 2013-06-25. Archived from the original on 2012-02-05. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
- ↑ Volynets, Igor (2001). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Diameter of a raindrop". The Physics Factbook. Retrieved 2019-08-19.
- ↑ Anders Rydell (7 February 2017). The Book Thieves: The Nazi Looting of Europe's Libraries and the Race to Return a Literary Inheritance. Penguin. pp. 86–. ISBN 978-0-7352-2124-6.
- ↑ Alexei Kojevnikov (2011). Weimar Culture and Quantum Mechanics: Selected Papers by Paul Forman and Contemporary Perspectives on the Forman Thesis. World Scientific. pp. 33–. Bibcode:2011wcqm.book.....K. doi:10.1142/7581. ISBN 978-981-4293-12-9.
- ↑ Hugo Steinhaus (8 February 2016). Mathematician for All Seasons: Recollections and Notes, Vol. 2 (1945–1968). Birkhäuser. pp. 105–. ISBN 978-3-319-23102-0.
- ↑ Geierhaas, Theo. "Schulgeschichte". Helmholtz-Gymnasium Heidelberg. Retrieved 4 March 2019 (in German).
- ↑ Marie), Abbé Moigno (François Napoléon (1898). "Prix La Caze". Cosmos: Revue des Sciences et de Leurs Applications. 38 (678): 122.
References
change- Beyerchen, Alan (1977). Scientists under Hitler: Politics and the physics community in the Third Reich. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300018301.
- Cornwell, John (2003). Hitler's Scientists: Science, War and the Devil's Pact. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0142004807.
- Hentschel, Klaus, ed. (1996). Physics and National Socialism: An anthology of primary sources. Basel: Birkhaeuser. ISBN 978-3764353124.
- Walker, Mark (1995). Nazi science: Myth, truth, and the German atomic bomb. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0306449413.
- Wolff, Stephan L. (2003). "Physicists in the 'Krieg der Geister': Wilhelm Wien's 'Proclamation'". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 33 (2): 337–368. doi:10.1525/hsps.2003.33.2.337.
Other websites
change- Nobel Foundation biography
- On Cathode Rays
- The Cathode Ray Tube site
- Philipp Lenard at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Newspaper clippings about Philipp Lenard in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW