Rashidun Empire

the first caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (632–661)
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Rashidun Empire or the Islamic Empire (Arabic: الامبراطورية الاسلامية) or Rashidun Caliphate (Arabic: الخلافة الراشدية) are the terms used to describe the empire that was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). The empire was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.

Rashidun Caliphate
الخلافة الراشدة
632–661
The Rashidun Caliphate reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654.
The Rashidun Caliphate reached its greatest extent under Caliph Uthman, in 654.
CapitalMedina (632–656)
Kufa (656–661)
Common languagesClassical Arabic
Religion
Islam
GovernmentCaliphate
Caliph 
• 632–634
Abu Bakr (first)
• 634–644
Umar
• 644–656
Uthman
• 656–661
Ali
• 661–661
Hasan (last)[a]
History 
• Established
8 June 632
• First Fitna (internal conflict) ends
28 July 661
Area
655[3]6,400,000 km2 (2,500,000 sq mi)
CurrencyDinar
Dirham
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Muhammad in Medina
Byzantine Empire
Sasanian Empire
Exarchate of Africa
Pre-Islamic Arabia
Ghassanids
Umayyad Caliphate
Amir al-Mu'minin (أمير المؤمنين), Caliph (خليفة)

Origin

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After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims. They chose Abu Bakr. So he became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah (Successor of the Messenger of God), and started a campaigns to for the Muslim Religion. At first he subdued the Arabian tribes which had left the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title. His three successors also never claimed a title as monarch.

The first general of the empire was Khalid ibn Walid. During his campaign against the Persian Empire(Iraq 633 - 634) and Byzantine Empire (Syria 634 - 638) Khalid developed brilliant tactics. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.

Religion

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The state religion was Islam. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow.[4] But the Sharia Law was practiced in the state. Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with.

References

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  1. Abu Dawud, Kitaab us-Sunnah, Chapter on the Khulafaa, Hadith no. 4647
  2. فريد, أحمد [in Arabic]. "من أعلام السلف – ج 1". IslamKotob – via Google Books.
  3. Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 495. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
  4. Christians and Jews as 'people of the Book' had some better treatment than the followers of other reliogions.

Notes

  1. Hasan remained caliph for six months and Muhammad predicted that "the caliphate after me in my ummah will last for thirty years. Then there will be kingship after that."[1] And those six months of Hasan ibn Ali is included in caliphate.[2]