Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
The (First) Slovak Republic (Slovak: [Prvá] Slovenská republika), also called the Slovak State (Slovenský štát), was a partially-recognised client state of Nazi Germany which existed in Central Europe between 14 March 1939 and 4 April 1945.
Slovak Republic Slovenská republika | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1939–1945 | |||||||||
| Motto: Verní sebe, svorne napred! "Faithful to Ourselves, Together Ahead!" | |||||||||
| Anthem: Hej, Slováci English: "Hey, Slovaks" | |||||||||
.svg) The Slovak Republic in 1942 | |||||||||
| Status | Client state of Germany[a] | ||||||||
| Capital | Bratislava | ||||||||
| Common languages | Slovak, Hungarian | ||||||||
| Religion | Christianity[4] | ||||||||
| Government | Clerical fascist one-party republic under a totalitarian dictatorship | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1939–1945 | Jozef Tiso | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | |||||||||
• 1939 | Jozef Tiso | ||||||||
• 1939–1944 | Vojtech Tuka | ||||||||
• 1944–1945 | Štefan Tiso | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War II | ||||||||
| 14 March 1939 | |||||||||
• War with Hungary | 23 March 1939 | ||||||||
| 21 July 1939 | |||||||||
| 1 September 1939 | |||||||||
| 22 June 1941 | |||||||||
• National Uprising | 29 August 1944 | ||||||||
• Fall of Bratislava | 4 April 1945 | ||||||||
| Currency | Slovak koruna | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Slovakia Poland | ||||||||
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History
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One day before the Nazi German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia, they declared independence from Czechoslovakia. [5] It has mostly the same borders as the modern-day Slovakia except for the regions which were ceded to Hungary in 1938. The Capital city was declared Bratislava, As it was good in terms of politics, economics and culture when it came to representing Slovakia.
Jozef Tiso
changeJozef Tiso, the founder and only President of the Slovak Republic, was a Catholic priest. He was a member of the pro-Nazi Catholic fascist Hlinka Slovak People's Party (HSL’S),[6] which seized power in Slovakia,[6] when Czechoslovakia was dismembered by Nazi Germany, and modelled Slovakia after Nazi Germany's totalitarian state.[6][7]
Slovak Hlinka Guard
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The Slovak Hlinka Guard was a militia set up by Jozef Tiso to hunt down Jews, Roma and other "undesirable" minorities.[6]
Holocaust in Slovakia
change1940–1942
change
In 1940, Jews were fired from their jobs and their properties taken over by Jozef Tiso's regime.[6] Tiso's regime enacted the strictest laws against Jews – called The Jewish Code – in Nazi-occupied European countries.[6] Before the start Tiso's deportation of Jews in March 1942, 88,951 Jews were estimated to be living in Slovakia.[6]
1942–44
changeBy November 1942, 57,000 Slovak Jews were rounded up and handed over to Nazi German troops by the Hlinka Guard, Slovak police and ethnic German Slovak Freiwillige Schutzstaffel ("Volunteer SS").[6] In the final three months of 1944, over 70,000 of the pre-deportation 88,951 Jews were deported to Nazi death camps, mostly Auschwitz and Theresienstadt,[6] with over 60,000 of them slain.[6] Tiso's regime paid Hitler 500 reichsmarks per deported Jew.[7]
Disestablishment
changeIn April 1945, the Slovak capital Bratislava was taken over by the Soviet Red Army, while Romanian troops took over other parts of Slovakia.[6]
Aftermath
changeJozef Tiso was handed over by American troops to the restored Czechoslovak government. Tiso was tried along with former Foreign Minister Ferdinand Durčanský and Interior Minister Alexander Mach. He was convicted of treason, collaboration and executed four days after his verdict.[6]
Related pages
changeFurther reading
change- Kamenec, Ivan. Tragédia politika, kñaza, a človeka (Dr. Jozef Tiso, 1887–1947). Bratislava: Premedia, 1998.
- Fabricius, Miroslav, and Katarína Hradská, eds. Jozef Tiso: Prejavy a články 1938–1944. Bratislava: Historicky ústav SAV, 2007.
- Ward, James Mace. Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2013.
Notes
change- ↑ Views differ on Slovakia's relation to Germany. István Deák writes, "Despite the claims of some historians, [Slovakia] functioned not as a puppet state but as Nazi Germany’s first but not last Slavic-speaking military ally".[1] Tatjana Tönsmeyer, who maintains that the puppet-state narrative overstates German influence and understates Slovakia's autonomy, notes that Slovak authorities frequently avoided implementing measures pushed by the Germans when such measures did not suit Slovak priorities. According to German historian Barbara Hutzelmann, "Although the country was not independent, in the full sense of the word, it would be too simplistic to see this German-protected state (Schutzstaat) simply as a 'puppet regime'."[2] Ivan Kamenec, however, emphasizes German influence on Slovak internal and external politics and describes it as a "German satellite".[3]
References
change- ↑ Deák 2015, pp. 35–36.
- ↑ Hutzelmann 2016, p. 168.
- ↑ Kamenec 2011a, pp. 180–182.
- ↑ Doe, Norman (4 August 2011). Law and Religion in Europe: A Comparative Introduction. OUP Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-960401-2 – via Google Books.
- ↑ Kamenec, Ivan (2011), Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D.; Teich, Mikuláš (eds.), "The Slovak state, 1939–1945", Slovakia in History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 175–192, ISBN 978-0-511-78014-1, retrieved 2024-10-09
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11
- Conway, John S. (1974). "The Churches, the Slovak State and the Jews 1939-1945". The Slavonic and East European Review. 52 (126). Modern Humanities Research Association: 85–112. JSTOR 4206836. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Abrams, Bradley (2000). "The Politics of Retribution: The Trial of Jozef Tiso in the Czechoslovak Environment". The Politics of Retribution in Europe. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400832057-012. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Ward, James Mace (April 15, 2013). Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia. Cornell University Press. doi:10.7591/9780801468131. ISBN 9780801468131. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Ryder, J. Luke (2014). "Priest, Politician, Collaborator: Jozef Tiso and the Making of Fascist Slovakia by James Mace Ward (review)". Journal of Cold War Studies. 16 (3). The MIT Press: 215–217. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- "Jozef Tiso | Holocaust Encyclopedia". Holocaust Encyclopedia. April 29, 2022. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
Jozef Tiso was a Slovak politician and a Roman Catholic priest. From 1939 to 1945, he was the president of the Slovak Republic, one of Nazi Germany's allies.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1
- "Jozef Tiso - Slovak statehood at the bitter price of allegiance to Nazi Germany". Radio Prague International. May 6, 2005. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Lesná, Ľuba (April 28, 2008). "Archbishop prays for Tiso - The Slovak Spectator - SME". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Nešťáková, Denisa; Nižňanský, Eduard (2016). "Swedish interventions in the tragedy of the Jews of Slovakia" (PDF). Nordisk judaistik (Scandinavian Jewish Studies). 27 (2): 22–39. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Rohac, Dalibor (November 6, 2018). "The Worst Choice for 'Greatest Slovak'". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
- Rothkirchen, Livia. "The Churches and the Deportation and Persecution of Jews in Slovakia". Yad Vashem. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
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