Soap made from human corpses
During World War II, many people thought that the Nazis were making soap from the bodies of Jewish people who died in the concentration camps.
The Yad Vashem Memorial says the Nazis did not make a lot of soap from Jewish bodies. They say the Nazis used rumors about making soap from bodies to scare the camp inmates.[1][2][3] However, there is evidence that research facilities had come up with a way for large amounts of soap to be made from human bodies.[4][5][6]
History
changeWorld War I
changeDuring World War I, the British had already accused Germany of using the fat from human bodies to make things. In April 1917 The Times wrote that the Germans were using the bodies of their own dead soldiers to make soap and other products.[7] It was not until 1925 that the British Foreign Secretary, Sir Austen Chamberlain, officially said that the "corpse factory" story had been an error.[8]
World War II
changeStories that the Nazis made soap from the bodies of concentration camp victims were common during the war. Germany did not have enough fats to make soap during World War II. Because of this, the government took control of making soap.
RIF soap
changeThe "human soap" stories may have started because the bars of soap made by the government were marked with the initials "RIF." Some people thought this stood for Reichs-Juden-Fett in German. This means "State Jewish Fat" in English. (In German acronyms, "I" and "J" were often used like the same letter, so people thought "RIF" could mean "RJF".)
In fact, "RIF" stood for Reichsstelle für Industrielle Fettversorgung. This was the German government agency in charge of making and giving out soap and washing products during the war. (In English, the agency's name was the "National Center for Industrial Fat Provisioning.") RIF soap was not very good, and did not have any kind of fat in it.[9]
Stories about soap spread
changeAs early as October 1942, stories about soap made from human fat were told in Lublin, Poland, according to Raul Hilberg. The Germans knew about the stories. Heinrich Himmler, the leader of the SS, got a letter saying the Poles thought Jewish people were being "boiled into soap." The letter said the Poles feared they would also be used to make soap. These stories were so widely known that some Polish people actually refused to buy soap.[10] Himmler was worried by the rumors, and the thought of poor security at the camps, so he ordered all bodies to be burnt or buried as quickly as possible.[11]
Soviet propagandist Ilya Ehrenburg reported a common version of the story as fact in The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry:
In another section of the Belzec camp was an enormous soap factory. The Germans picked out the fattest people, murdered them, and boiled them down for soap.
— Ehrenburg[12]
Evidence of soap-making at Stutthof
change
Lab worker testimony
changeDuring the Nuremberg Trials, Sigmund Mazur, a laboratory worker at the Danzig Anatomical Institute, said that soap had been made from the bodies of dead people at Stutthof concentration camp. He said that 70 to 80 kg of fat collected from 40 bodies could make more than 25 kg of soap. He claimed that Professor Rudolf Spanner kept the finished soap.
Mazur showed a recipe that read: "5 kilos of human fat are mixed with 10 liters of water and 500 or 1,000 grams of caustic soda. All this is boiled 2 or 3 hours and then cooled. The soap floats to the surface while the water and other sediment remain at the bottom. A bit of salt and soda is added to this mixture. Then fresh water is added and the mixture again boiled 2 or 3 hours. After having cooled, the soap is poured into molds." [4]
Eyewitness testimony
changeAt the Nuremberg Trials, Nazi witnesses and British prisoners of war supported Mazur's story. (The British prisoners of war had been used as forced labor to build the Stutthof camp.) These witnesses talked about seeing:[5][6][13]
- Small amounts of soap being made from human fat
- Nazi workers at the Danzig Anatomical Institute using this soap
- Nazi workers trying to come up with a way to produce large amounts of soap from human bodies
In his book Russia at War 1941 to 1945, Alexander Werth described visiting Danzig in 1945, just after it was freed by the Red Army. He claimed he saw an experimental factory outside the city for making soap from human bodies. He wrote:[14]
[The factory was run by] a German professor called Spanner [and] was a nightmarish sight, with its vats full of human heads and torsoes pickled in some liquid, and its pails full of a flakey substance - human soap".
Postwar & research
changeAfter the war, in 1955, Alain Resnais released a Holocaust documentary called Nuit et brouillard. In it, he repeats the idea that the Nazis made large amounts of "human soap". After the war, some Israelis spoke about Jewish victims of Nazism with the Hebrew word סבון (sabon, "soap").[15]
Holocaust survivor Thomas Blatt researched whether the Nazis made soap out of human fat. He concluded that they did, but only in experiments - it had never been mass produced.[16][17] Holocaust historian Robert Melvin Spector agreed that the Nazis "did indeed use human fat for the making of soap at Stutthof," but in small amounts.[18] Historian Yisrael Gutman agrees that "it was never done on a mass scale."[17]
Like Blatt, Spector, and Gutman, most mainstream Holocaust scholars think the "human soap" stories are part of WWII folklore.[19] Supporters of this theory include the well-known Jewish historians Walter Laqueur,[20] Gitta Sereny,[21] and Deborah Lipstadt;[22] Professor Yehuda Bauer of Israel's Hebrew University; and Shmuel Krakowski, archives director of Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust center.[1][2][3]
Today Holocaust deniers use this story to make people doubt the Nazi genocide.[23]
Play
changeThe Soap Myth is a 2009 play about Nazis making soap from the bodies of the people they murdered.[24]
Related pages
changeNotes
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bill Hutman, "Nazis never made human-fat soap," The Jerusalem Post - International Edition, week ending May 5, 1990.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Holocaust Expert Rejects Charge That Nazis Made Soap from Jews," Northern California Jewish Bulletin, April 27, 1990. (JTA dispatch from Tel Aviv.) Facsimile in: Christian News, May 21, 1990, p. 19.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "A Holocaust Belief Cleared Up," Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1990. Facsimile in: Ganpac Brief, June 1990, p. 8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Some still deny the Holocaust, some simply refuse to listen, Stand-up comedy, targeted seriousness contemplate ‘how one survives surviving,’ The Villager, Jerry Tallmer, Volume 79, Number 5 | July 8 - 14, 2009, http://www.thevillager.com/villager_323/somestilldeny.html Archived 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Justice at Nuremberg, Robert E. Conot, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 1984, pp. 298-9
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 7, SIXTY-SECOND DAY, 19 February 1946, Morning Session http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/02-19-46.asp
- ↑ Knightley, Phillip (2000). The First Casualty: The War Correspondent as Hero and Myth-Maker from the Crimea to Kosovo. Prion. pp. 105–106. ISBN 1853753769.
- ↑ Ponsonby, Arthur (1928). Falsehood in Wartime. New York: Dutton. pp. 102, 111–112.
- ↑ Waxman, Zoë (2006). Writing the Holocaust: Identity, Testimony, Representation. Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 0199206384.
- ↑ Hilberg, Raul (1985). The Destruction of the European Jews: The Revised and Definitive Edition. Holmes & Meier. p. 967. ISBN 084190832X.
- ↑ UCSB History Page: Did Nazis use human body fat to make soap? Accessed December 29, 2006.
- ↑ Ehrenburg, Ilya; Il'ja Grigor'jevic Erenburg, Vasilij Semenovic Grossman; et al. (2003). The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 076580543X.
- ↑ Hitler's death camps: the sanity of madness, Konnilyn G. Feig, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981, pp. 200. ff.
- ↑ Werth, Alexander (1964). Russia at War, 1941-1945. Dutton. p. 1019.
- ↑ Goldberg, Michael (1996). Why Should Jews Survive?: Looking Past the Holocaust Toward a Jewish Future. Oxford University Press US. p. 122. ISBN 0195111265.
- ↑ Shermer, Michael; Alex Grobman, and Arthur Hertzberg (2002). Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and why Do They Say It?. University of California Press. pp. 115-116. ISBN 0520234693.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Denying history: who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it? Michael Shermer, Alex Grobman, University of California Press, 2002, The Human Soap Controversy, pp. 114- 117
- ↑ World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history and analysis, Robert Melvin Spector, University Press of America, 2004, p. 392.
- ↑ The soap myth (Jewish Virtual Library) Accessed December 29, 2006.
- ↑ Walter Laqueur, The Terrible Secret (Boston: 1980), pp. 82, 219.
- ↑ Gitta Sereny, Into That Darkness (London: A. Deutsch, 1974), p. 141 (note).
- ↑ "Nazi Soap Rumor During World War II," Los Angeles Times, May 16, 1981, p. II/2.
- ↑ Deceit & Misrepresentation. The Techniques of Holocaust Denial: The Soap Allegations. Part 1 Archived 2007-07-07 at the Wayback Machine, Part 2 Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Part 3 Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Part 4 Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Part 5 Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Part 6 Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine (Nizkor Project)
- ↑ False Witness; A play examines the notion that Nazis made soap from Jewish flesh, MARISSA BROSTOFF, July 21, 2009, Tablet Magazine http://www.tabletmag.com/arts-and-culture/theater-and-dance/10929/false-witness/ Archived 2009-07-22 at the Wayback Machine