Voiced palatal nasal

consonantal sound

The voiced palatal nasal is a type of consonant. The letter for this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ɲ⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is ⟨J⟩. English does not have this sound but Spanish does, where it is represented by "ñ".

Voiced palatal nasal
ɲ
IPA Number118
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɲ
Unicode (hex)U+0272
X-SAMPAJ

Features

change
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. This means that this sound is produced by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • The phonation is voiced. This means that the vocal cords vibrate while the sound is being pronounced.
  • The place of articulation (where the sound is produced) is palatal. This means that this sound is produced with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • It is a nasal consonant. This means that air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.

Examples

change
Language Word IPA Meaning
!Kung[1] [example needed]
Albanian një [ɲə] 'one'
Aranda [example needed]
Basque andereño [än̪d̪e̞ɾe̞ɲo̞] 'female teacher'
Bengali[2] অঞ্চল/anycal [ɔɲtʃɔl] 'area'
Burmese[2] ညာ/nya [ɲà] 'right(-hand side)'
Catalan[3] any [ˈaɲ̟] 'year'
Chinese Mandarin 女人 / nǚ rén [ny˨˩˦ ɻən˧˥] 'woman'
Sichuanese [nʲy˨˩˦ zən˧˥]
Wu / Shanghai dialect 女人/nyú nyǐnh [n̠ʲy˩˧ n̠ʲɪɲ˥˨]
Czech ň [kuːɲ] 'horse'
Dinka nyɔt [ɲɔt] 'very'
Dutch[4] oranje [oˈrɑɲə] 'orange'
French hargneux [arɲø] 'belligerent'
Galician[5] viño [ˈbiɲo] 'wine'
Greek πρωτοχρονιά / prōtochroniá [pro̞to̞xro̞ˈɲ̟ɐ] 'New Year's Day'
Haketia[6] [ru.ha.ˈɲi] 'spiritual'
Hindustani Hindi पञ्छी/पंछी/pañchī [pəɲ.t͡ʃʰiː] 'bird'
Urdu پنچھی/pañchī
Hungarian[7] anya [ˈɒɲɒ] 'mother'
Italian Standard bagno [ˈbäɲːo] 'bath'
Romanesco dialect niente [ˈɲːɛn̪t̪e] 'nothing'
Irish[8] inné [əˈn̠ʲeː] 'yesterday'
Japanese[9] / niwa [ɲ̟iɰᵝa̠] 'garden'
Khasi bse [bsɛɲ] 'snake'
Khmer ពេញ / nh [pɨɲ] 'full'
Korean 저녁 / jeonyeok [t͡ɕʌɲ̟ʌk̚] 'evening'
Kurdish Southern یانزه/yanyza [jäːɲzˠa] 'eleven'
Latvian mākoņains [maːkuɔɲains] 'cloudy'
Macedonian чешање/češanje [ˈt͡ʃɛʃaɲɛ] 'itching'
Malagasy[10] [example needed]
Malay banyak [bäɲäʔˈ] 'a lot'
Malayalam[11] ഞാ/ñān [ɲäːn] 'I'
Mapudungun[12] ñachi [ɲɜˈt͡ʃɪ] 'spiced blood'
North Frisian Mooring fliinj [ˈfliːɲ] 'to fly'
Norwegian Northern[13] mann [mɑɲː] 'man'
Southern[13]
Occitan Northern Polonha [puˈluɲo̞] 'Poland'
Southern
Gascon banh [baɲ] 'bath'
Polish[14] koń  [kɔɲ̟]  'horse'
Portuguese Many dialects[15] nia [ˈsõ̞n̠ʲɐ] 'Sonia'
Brazilian[15][16] sonhar [ˈsõ̞ɲaɾ] 'to dream'
European[17] arranhar [ɐʁɐ̃ˈn̠ʲaɾ] 'to scratch'
Quechua ñuqa [ˈɲɔqɑ] 'I'
Romanian Transylvanian dialects[18] câine [ˈkɨɲe̞] 'dog'
Scottish Gaelic[19] seinn [ʃeiɲ̟] 'sing'
Serbo-Croatian[20] њој / njoj [ɲ̟ȏ̞j] 'to her'
Slovak pečeň [ˈpɛ̝t͡ʂɛ̝ɲ̟] 'liver'
Spanish[21] español [e̞späˈɲol] 'Spanish'
Swahili nyama [ɲɑmɑ] 'meat'
Tamil ஞாயிறு/ñāyiru [ɲaːjiru] 'Sunday'
Tyap nyam [ɲam] 'animal'
Ukrainian тінь/tin' [t̪ʲin̠ʲ] 'shadow'
Vietnamese nhà [ɲâː] 'house'
West Frisian njonken [ˈɲoŋkən] 'next to'
Yi / nyi [n̠ʲi˧] 'sit'
Zulu inyoni [iɲ̟óːni] 'bird'

References

change
  • Ambrazas, Vytautas; Geniušienė, Emma; Girdenis, Aleksas; Sližienė, Nijolė; Valeckienė, Adelė; Valiulytė, Elena; Tekorienė, Dalija; Pažūsis, Lionginas (1997), Ambrazas, Vytautas (ed.), Lithuanian Grammar, Vilnius: Institute of the Lithuanian Language, ISBN 978-9986-813-22-4
  • Aragão, Maria do Socorro Silva de (2009), "Os estudos fonético-fonológicos nos estados da Paraíba e do Ceará" [The phonetic-phonological studies in Paraíba and Ceará states] (PDF), Revista da ABRALIN (in Portuguese), 8 (1), archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013
  • Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 8: 97–208, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.1365, doi:10.1075/jgl.8.08arv, archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-11
  • Cagliari, Luiz Carlos (1974). A palatalização em português: uma investigação palatográfica (Master's dissertation). Campinas, SP: University of Campinas. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.1974.47334. hdl:20.500.12733/1577157.
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
  • Doke, Clement M. (1925), "An outline of the phonetics of the language of the ʗhũ: Bushman of the North-West Kalahari", Bantu Studies, 2: 129–166, doi:10.1080/02561751.1923.9676181
  • de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1966), The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway (2nd ed.), Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-0-901282-51-4
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
  • Gussmann, Edmund (1974), Fisiak, Jacek (ed.), "Nasality in Polish and English" (PDF), Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics, 2, Poznań: Adam Mickiewicz University: 105–122
  • Heselwood, Barry (2013), Phonetic Transcription in Theory and Practice, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-4073-7
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Regueira, Xosé Luís (1996), "Galician", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26 (2): 119–122, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006162, S2CID 241094214
  • Mhac an Fhailigh, Éamonn (1968), The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, ISBN 978-0-901282-02-6
  • Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe (1999), "Irish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 111–16, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0, retrieved 2009-01-21
  • Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
  • Ostaszewska, Danuta; Tambor, Jolanta (2000), Fonetyka i fonologia współczesnego języka polskiego, Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, ISBN 978-83-01-12992-7
  • Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
  • Quiggin, E. C. (1906), A Dialect of Donegal: Being the Speech of Meenawannia in the Parish of Glenties , Cambridge University Press
  • Ramalho, Elba Braga (1998). "Aspectos do falar nordestino em Samarica Parteira" [Aspects of nordestino dialectal speech in Samarica Parteira]. Revista de Letras. 1 (20). Archived from the original on 2021-11-06. Retrieved 2022-03-09.
  • Recasens, Daniel (2013), "On the articulatory classification of (alveolo)palatal consonants" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 1–22, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000199, S2CID 145463946, archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-06, retrieved 2022-03-09
  • Recasens, Daniel; Farnetani, Edda; Fontdevila, Jordi; Pallarès, Maria Dolors (1993), "An electropalatographic study of alveolar and palatal consonants in Catalan and Italian" (PDF), Language and Speech, 36 (2–3): 213–234, doi:10.1177/002383099303600306, PMID 8277809, S2CID 2538069, archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-04-12, retrieved 2022-03-09
  • Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
  • Sarlin, Mika (2014) [First published 2013], "Sounds of Romanian and their spelling", Romanian Grammar (2nd ed.), Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH, pp. 16–37, ISBN 978-952-286-898-5
  • Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
  • Skjekkeland, Martin (1997), Dei norske dialektane: Tradisjonelle særdrag i jamføring med skriftmåla (in Norwegian), Høyskoleforlaget (Norwegian Academic Press)
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Cunha, Álvaro (2009), Introdução à fonologia da hakítia (Master's dissertation), São Paulo: University of São Paulo, doi:10.11606/D.8.2009.tde-29032010-140949