Disinformation
false or misleading information that is spread deliberately to deceive and manipulate
Disinformation is false or inaccurate information spread on purpose[1] to deceive the targeted audience. Disinformation may include the distribution of forged documents, manuscripts and photographs, or the promotion of harmful rumors, conspiracy theories and fake intelligence.[2][3]
Conspiracy theories
changeA major form of disinformation is conspiracy theories. Examples of conspiracy theories include but not limited to
- Holocaust denial[4][5]
- Irish slaves myth[6][7]
- 9/11 conspiracy theories[8]
- UFO conspiracy theories[9]
- Rwandan genocide denial[10]
- Chemtrail conspiracy theory[11]
- Cambodian genocide denial[12]
- Moon landing conspiracy theories[13]
- John F. Kennedy's assassination conspiracy theories[14]
- Illuminati and Freemasonry-related conspiracy theories[15]
- Diana, Princess of Wales' death-related conspiracy theories[16]
Online disinformation
changeDisinformation is particularly common on the most visited websites worldwide,[17] including Wikipedia,[18][19] Reddit[20] and Instagram.[21][22] On January 23, 2025, the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) said in a press release that a UNESCO study found 16% of all Holocaust-related content across social media to be denying or distorting.[23][24]
Wikipedia
changeCroatian Wikipedia
changeBetween 2009 and 2021, Croatian Wikipedia was controlled by a group of far-right administrators who promoted Holocaust denial by censoring[18] the war crimes of the pro-Nazi Ustaše-ruled Independent State of Croatia (NDH)[25] and blocking dozens of rule-abiding users for trying to remove the false content.[18]
Željko Jovanović, the Minister of Science of Croatia back then, also advised against the use of the Croatian Wikipedia.[26] The most serious violation by the far-right administrators was their anti-historical designation of the Jasenovac concentration camp, in which 77,000–99,000 were killed,[27] as a "collection camp".[18] Their Holocaust denial was condemned by scholars, officials, advocacy groups and media critics.[18]
Following a year-long investigation (2020–21) by the Wikimedia Foundation, several complicit users and administrators were either banned or demoted, with one of the administrators found to have consolidated his or her power with 80 sockpuppet accounts.[28]
English Wikipedia
changeThe English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals in thousands of WWII-related articles.[29] For instance, Arthur Nebe, a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews, was portrayed as a savior of Jews based on distortion of a cited source that actually said the opposite,[29] while false claims of Nazi war criminals "opposing" Hitler were made.[29] SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in passive voice to make their atrocities look normal.[29]
Those who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from Holocaust-denying sources (e.g. Journal of Historical Review, Nation Europa and Franz Kurowski[29]) misrepresented them as academic consensus and gamed the rules to prevent the removal of such content.[29] The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention,[29] which mainstreamed Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the Holocaust's historical truth.[29] German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,[29]
The English Wikipedia pages are far more sympathetic towards the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS than the German ones [. ...] Wikipedia and Amazon are the worst distributors of pro-Nazi perspectives and the ["clean"] Wehrmacht myth.
In 2023, Holocaust historians Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled Wikipedia’s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust[30] in The Journal of Holocaust Research wherein they reported to have found widespread distortion of the Polish Holocaust history on the English Wikipedia,[19][30] which involved the exaggeration[19][30] of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish "atrocities" against Poles, downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering in the Holocaust.[19][30]
Prof. Grabowski and Dr. Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and Wikimedia Foundation's lack of will to handle,[19][30] leaving the site vulnerable to state-sponsored disinformation:
Wikipedia’s administrators have largely failed to uphold Wikipedia’s policies [. ...] unable to deal with the issue of persistent distortion [...] Wikipedia’s articles [...] have become a hub of misinformation and antisemitic canards.
On another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,[19]
As a historian, I was aware [...] of various distortions [...] of the Holocaust on Wikipedia. What I found shocking, was the sheer scale [...] and the small number of individuals needed to distort the history of one of the greatest tragedies in the history of humanity.
In 2024, independent journalist investigations uncovered a large-scale off-site canvassing campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel–Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made at least 2,000,000 edits to over 10,000 Jewish-related articles.[31]
The off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member Tech for Palestine Discord channel,[31] where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio "office hour" chats)[31] on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation,[31] and gaming the rules to block others from correcting them.[31]
Reported examples of their revisionist[32] edits include[31]
- Removal of "Land of Israel" from the origin of Jews in Jewish-related articles
- Removal of mentions of 16th century Jewish immigration to Israel in Jewish-related articles
- Removal of mentions of Hamas' 1988 charter which involved the incitement to mass murder of Jews
- Removal of mentions of the Palestinian Grand Mufti of Jerusalem's alliance with Hitler[33][34] in Holocaust-related articles
- Redefinition of Jews as an "ethnoreligious group and cultural community" from "ethnoreligious group and nation from the Levant" in Jewish-related articles
On 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors[35] had been site-banned indefinitely for off-site canvassing[31][35] and "encouraging other users to game the extended confirmed restriction and engage in disruptive editing."[35] Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons.[35] On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign.[36] ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,[36]
[I]t is now imperative for Wikipedia to [...] undo the harm caused by these rogue but prolific editors who [...] wreaked havoc across the platform [. ...] a systemic problem [...] that needs immediate action.
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ "Learning Disinformation". The British Library Board. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ↑
- Clarke, Steve (2006). "Conspiracy Theories and Conspiracy Theorizing". Conspiracy Theories (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315259574. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Sunstein, Cass R.; Vermeule, Adrian (January 17, 2008). "Conspiracy Theories" (PDF). U of Chicago Law & Economics, Olin Working Paper (387). Retrieved December 14, 2024.
Last revised: 7 Feb 2008
- van Prooijen, Jan-Willem; Douglas, Karen M (June 29, 2017). "Conspiracy theories as part of history: The role of societal crisis situations". Memory Studies. 10 (3). doi:10.1177/1750698017701615. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Douglas, Karen M.; Uscinski, Joseph E.; Sutton, Robbie M.; Cichocka, Aleksandra; Nefes, Turkay; Ang, Chee Siang; Deravi, Farzin (March 20, 2019). "Understanding Conspiracy Theories". Advances in Political Psychology. 40 (S1): 3–35. doi:10.1111/pops.12568. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (September 28, 2022). "What Are Conspiracy Theories? A Definitional Approach to Their Correlates, Consequences, and Communication". Annual Review of Psychology. 74: 271–298. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031329. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- Robertson, David George (November 25, 2014). "Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields". University of Edinburgh Research Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Bronner, Stephen Eric (2020). "Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary". Antisemitism Studies. 4 (2). Indiana University Press: 371–387. doi:10.2979/antistud.4.2.06. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Kofta, Mirosław; Soral, Wiktor; Bilewicz, Michał (2020). "What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 118 (5): 900–918. doi:10.1037/pspa0000183. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Robertson, David G. (2021). "Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions". Handbook of UFO Religions. pp. 178–196. doi:10.1163/9789004435537_009. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Robertson, David G. (2022). "Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other". The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781003014751. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- Evans, Richard J (2002). Telling lies about Hitler: The Holocaust, history and the David Irving trial. Verso. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- Schonfeld, Gustav (2010). "Holocaust denial". Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association. 121 (104). Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- "David Irving". Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Retrieved December 30, 2024.
David Irving was once treated with great respect for his historical tomes on World War II and Nazi Germany. But in recent years, the writer has become known as the world's most prominent Holocaust denier.
- "David Irving". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- "Deniers in different countries". Auschwitz-Birkenau. Retrieved December 30, 2024.
- ↑
- "Statement on Holocaust Denial Conference Sponsored by Iranian Regime". George W. Bush White House Archives. December 12, 2006. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- Küntzel, Matthias (2012). "Judeophobia and the Denial of the Holocaust in Iran". Holocaust Denial. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110288216.235. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- "Holocaust Denial and Distortion from Iranian Government and Official Media Sources, 1998–2016". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- "At the Paris Olympics, Iran is leading the antisemitism charge". New York Post. July 30, 2024. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- Abramson, Scott (August 19, 2024). "The Iranian regime is not its people". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). Retrieved December 23, 2024.
The Iranian people are the most pro-American and least antisemitic population in the region.
- Ghorbanpour, K. (December 4, 2024). "Opinion | Is Iran an Antisemitic 'Nazi Regime'?". Haaretz. Retrieved December 23, 2024.
- ↑
- "How the Myth of the "Irish slaves" Became a Favorite Meme of Racists Online". Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). April 19, 2016. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Pogatchnik, Shawn (March 16, 2017). "AP FACT CHECK: Irish "slavery" a St. Patrick's Day myth". Associated Press (AP). Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "The myth of the Irish slave, white supremacy and social media". Trinity College Dublin. October 3, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "Fact check: 'Irish slaves' meme repeats discredited article". Reuters. June 19, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- McKee, Liam (2021). "Slaves To A Myth: Irish Indentured Servitude, African Slavery, and the Politics of White Nationalism" (PDF). UCSD Department of History. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ↑
- "Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
Last Updated: March 17, 2017
- Kelly, Brian (July 2, 2020). "'Irish Slaves': Debunking the Myth". Rebel News (Ireland). Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "More false claims about 'Irish slaves' spread on social media". AFP Fact Check. July 7, 2020. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Ftouhi, Sabrina (November 2, 2021). "The Irish were never slaves". UWEC Spectator. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "'Irish slaves' book based on outright lie". Alton Telegraph. October 7, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- "Myth of Irish 'slavery' promoted by white supremacists ahead of St. Patrick's Day". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). March 16, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ↑
- Knight, Peter (2008). "Outrageous Conspiracy Theories: Popular and Official Responses to 9/11 in Germany and the United States". New German Critique (103). Duke University Press: 165–193. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Byington, Bradley (December 19, 2020). "Antisemitic Conspiracy Theories and Violent Extremism on the Far Right: a Public Health Approach to Counter-Radicalization". Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism. doi:10.26613/jca/2.1.19. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Allington, Daniel; Buarque, Beatriz L; Flores, Daniel Barker (December 27, 2020). "Antisemitic conspiracy fantasy in the age of digital media: Three 'conspiracy theorists' and their YouTube audiences". Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics. 30 (1). doi:10.1177/0963947020971997. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Dye, Isobel (June 24, 2023). "Does Antisemitism Provide the Blueprint for Nearly All Conspiracy Theories?" (PDF). Polyphony. 5 (2). American Studies Press. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Kressel, Neil J. (2024). "The Psychology of Contemporary Antisemitism". Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination (3 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781003399162. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- Robertson, David George (November 25, 2014). "Metaphysical conspiracism: UFOs as discursive object between popular millennial and conspiracist fields". University of Edinburgh Research Archive. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Bronner, Stephen Eric (2020). "Conspiracy Fetishism, Community, and the Antisemitic Imaginary". Antisemitism Studies. 4 (2). Indiana University Press: 371–387. doi:10.2979/antistud.4.2.06. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Kofta, Mirosław; Soral, Wiktor; Bilewicz, Michał (2020). "What breeds conspiracy antisemitism? The role of political uncontrollability and uncertainty in the belief in Jewish conspiracy". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 118 (5): 900–918. doi:10.1037/pspa0000183. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Robertson, David G. (2021). "Chapter 7 They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs and New Religions". Handbook of UFO Religions. pp. 178–196. doi:10.1163/9789004435537_009. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Robertson, David G. (2022). "Conspiracy Theories about Secret Religions: Imagining the Other". The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Secrecy (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781003014751. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- Monbiot, George (June 13, 2011). "Left and libertarian right cohabit in the weird world of the genocide belittlers". The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- Caplan, Gerald (2017). "Manufacturing Controversy: Left-Wing Denial of the Rwandan Genocide". Controversies in the Field of Genocide Studies (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781351295000. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- Jones, Adam (2019). "Denying Rwanda: Why Do Leading Leftists Deny the Rwandan Genocide of 1994?". The Scourge of Genocide: Essays and Reflections. University of British Columbia – Okanagan: Routledge. pp. 346–359. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- Melvern, Linda (2020). Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi. ISBN 9781788733281. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- Hintjens, Helen M.; van Oijen, Jos (March 30, 2020). "Elementary Forms of Collective Denial: The 1994 Rwanda Genocide". Genocide Studies International. 13 (2). doi:10.3138/gsi.13.2.02. Retrieved December 17, 2024.
- ↑
- Bakalaki, Alexandra (May 12, 2016). "Chemtrails, Crisis, and Loss in an Interconnected World". Visual Anthropology Review. 32 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1111/var.12089. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
Special Issue:Uncertain Visions: Crisis, Ambiguity, and Visual Culture in Greece
- Cairn, Rose (2016). "Climates of suspicion: 'chemtrail' conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering". The Geographical Journal. 182 (1): 70–84. doi:10.1111/geoj.12116. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
First published: 25 November 2014
- Corbett, Charles R. (2020). "Chemtrails and Solar Geoengineers: Governing Online Conspiracy Theory Misinformation". Missouri Review. 85 (3). Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Saltman, Kenneth J. (2020). "Salvational Super-Agents and Conspiratorial Secret Agents: Conspiracy, Theory, and Fantasies of Control". symplokē. 28 (1–2). University of Nebraska Press: 51–63. doi:10.5250/symploke.28.1-2.0051. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Rakopoulos, Theodoros (2022). "Of fascists and dreamers: conspiracy theory and anthropology". Anthropologie sociale (Social Anthropology). doi:10.3167/saas.2022.300104. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Bakalaki, Alexandra (May 12, 2016). "Chemtrails, Crisis, and Loss in an Interconnected World". Visual Anthropology Review. 32 (1): 12–23. doi:10.1111/var.12089. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- "Chomsky and the Khmer Rouge". The New York Times. 1988. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
- Brinkley, Joel (2011). Cambodia's Curse: The Modern History of a Troubled Land. Public Affairs. pp. 48–49.
Khmer Rouge apologists easily outnumbered those who believed a tragedy was under way. These people had been vociferous opponents of the Vietnam War [. ...] whatever the US government had to say now was per force a lie [. ...One of the deniers Gareth] Porter said simply that it was 'a myth that between one million and two million Cambodians have been victims of a regime led by genocidal maniacs [. ...] A few weeks earlier Noam Chomsky [...] offered an article in the Nation that conflated the American bombing and the Khmer Rouge horrors [. ...] He cited 'highly qualified specialists' [...] concluded that executions numbered at most in the thousands.'
- Smith, Harrison (November 16, 2017). "Edward S. Herman, media critic who co-wrote 'Manufacturing Consent,' dies at 92". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
Dr. Herman was championed by many on the left [...] but his writings on genocides in Cambodia, Bosnia and Rwanda were criticized for [...] belittling the testimonies of survivors.
- Blackwell, Matthew (July 15, 2018). "Devastation and Denial: Cambodia and the Academic Left". Quillette. Retrieved December 18, 2024.
Amazingly, even as Cambodia disintegrated, the Khmer Rouge benefitted from unsolicited apologetics from intellectuals at the West's august universities.
- ↑
- Renard, Jean-Bruno (2005). "Negatory Rumors: From the Denial of Reality to Conspiracy Theory". Rumor Mills (1 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781315128795. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Eversberg, Thomas (February 7, 2019). "What Can We Learn?". The Moon Hoax?. pp. 123–136. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Bilewicz, Michał; Imhoff, Roland (2022). "Political Conspiracy Beliefs and Their Alignment on the Left-Right Political Spectrum". Social Research: An International Quarterly. 89 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: 679–706. doi:10.1353/sor.2022.0039. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Kelly, Weill (2022). Off the edge: Flat earthers, conspiracy culture, and why people will believe anything. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Ghasemizade, Mohsen (2024). "A Computational Journey Through Conspiracy Theories: A Genealogical Approach". The University of Vermont. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑
- Pinsker, Sanford (1992). "America's conspiratorial imagination". The Virginia Quarterly Review. 68 (4). University of Virginia: 605–625. JSTOR 26437308. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Pratt, Ray (2003). "Review: Theorizing Conspiracy". Theory and Society. 32 (2). Springer Nature: 255–271. JSTOR 3108580. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Broadbent, Joseph (2014). "A Paranoid Style? : The JFK Assassination and the Politics and Culture of Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). University of East Anglia. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Yablokov, Ilya (2019). "Anti-Jewish Conspiracy Theories in Putin's Russia". Antisemitism Studies. 3 (2). Indiana University Press: 291–316. doi:10.2979/antistud.3.2.05. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Gagné, Michel Jacques (March 27, 2022). Thinking Critically About the Kennedy Assassination: Debunking the Myths and Conspiracy Theories (1 ed.). London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003222460. ISBN 9781003222460. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- ↑
- Boym, Svetlana (Spring 1999). "Conspiracy theories and literary ethics: Umberto Eco, Danilo Kis and The Protocols of Zion". Comparative Literature. 51 (2): 97–122. doi:10.2307/1771244. JSTOR 1771244.
- Leonidas Donskis (1 January 2003). Forms of Hatred: The Troubled Imagination in Modern Philosophy and Literature. Rodopi. pp. 41–. ISBN 90-420-1066-5.
- Williford, Thomas J. (2005). "Chapter IV: Conservative Political Rhetoric: The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy Theory" (PDF). Armando los espiritus: Political Rhetoric in Colombia on the Eve of La Violencia, 1930-1945 (PhD dissertation). Vanderbilt University.
- Barbara De Poli (2014). "The Judeo-Masonic Conspiracy: The Path from the Cemetery of Prague to Arab Anti-Zionist Propaganda". Conspiracy Theories in the United States and the Middle East. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110338270.251. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- "The Myth that Jews Control the World". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- S. Broschowitz, Michael (May 6, 2022). "The Violent Impact of Anti-Semitic Conspiracy Theories: Examining the Jewish World Domination Narratives and History". Center on Terrorism, Extremism, and Counterterrorism. Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
- ↑
- Birchall, Clare (2001). "Conspiracy Theories and Academic Discourses: The necessary possibility of popular (over)interpretation". Continuum. 15 (1). Brighton and Hove, England: 67–76. doi:10.1080/713657760. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
Published online: 01 Jul 2010
- Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (2008). "The Hidden Impact of Conspiracy Theories: Perceived and Actual Influence of Theories Surrounding the Death of Princess Diana". The Journal of Social Psychology. 148 (2): 210–222. doi:10.3200/SOCP.148.2.210-222. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
Published online: 07 Aug 2010
- Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (January 15, 2014). "Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- Douglas, Karen M.; Sutton, Robbie M. (November 1, 2018). "Why conspiracy theories matter: A social psychological analysis". European Review of Social Psychology. 29 (1): 256–298. doi:10.1080/10463283.2018.1537428. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- Leigh, David (August 26, 2019). "Conspiracy Theories". Investigative Journalism: A Survival Guide. pp. 99–110. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- Birchall, Clare (2001). "Conspiracy Theories and Academic Discourses: The necessary possibility of popular (over)interpretation". Continuum. 15 (1). Brighton and Hove, England: 67–76. doi:10.1080/713657760. Retrieved December 15, 2024.
- ↑ "Most Visited Websites in Worldwide 2024 | Open .Trends". Semrush. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4
- Sampson, Tim (October 1, 2013). "How pro-fascist ideologues are rewriting Croatia's history". dailydot.com. Retrieved July 1, 2015.
- Dewey, Caitlin (4 August 2014). "Men's rights activists think a "hateful" feminist conspiracy is ruining Wikipedia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- "The Hunt for Wikipedia's Disinformation Moles". Wired. October 17, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- Tabarovsky, Izabella (July 25, 2024). "Wikipedia's Jewish Problem". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
[...] Wikipedia's articles are [...] feeding billions of people [...] dangerously skewed narratives [...] "minimize[d] Polish antisemitism, exaggerate[d] the Poles' role in saving Jews," blamed Jews for the Holocaust [...].
- Tabarovsky, Izabella (August 14, 2024). "Essay: Wikipedia's Jewish Problem". Australia/Israel & Jewish Affairs Council (AIJAC). Retrieved October 17, 2024.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5
- "'Jews Helped the Germans Out of Revenge or Greed': New Research Documents How Wikipedia Distorts the Holocaust". Haaretz. February 14, 2023. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
- Klein, Shira (June 14, 2023). "The shocking truth about Wikipedia's Holocaust disinformation". The Forward. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
Why Wikipedia cannot be trusted: It repeatedly allows rogue editors to rewrite Holocaust history and make Jews out to be the bad guys [...].
- Heller, Mathilda (October 22, 2024). "Wikipedia's page on Zionism is partly edited by an anti-Zionist - investigation". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
The Post found that DMH223344 was suspended on 9 October 2024 from editing the Zionism page, "for violating the one-revert rule at Zionism."
- "Wikipedia and Judaism: How Holocaust Denial Became Embedded in the World's Go-To Source of (Mis)Information". World Religion News. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "The Law Bytes Podcast, Episode 215: Jan Grabowski on Wikipedia's Antisemitism Problem". Michael Geist. October 7, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑
- "Reddit Shuts Down Some Racist, Anti-Semitic Web Forums". Southern Poverty Law Center. October 27, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
- "'Racism is fine on our site,' says Reddit's chief executive". Sky News. April 12, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
- "Combating racism on social media: 5 key insights on bystander intervention". Brookings. December 1, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2024.
- "A moderator of one of the biggest Kanye West internet forums says the page has been a 'bloodbath' since the rapper's descent into antisemitism and conspiracy theories". Business Insider. November 16, 2022. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- "Holocaust denial finds new life in Oct. 7 revisionism". The Jerusalem Post. January 22, 2024. Retrieved December 5, 2024.
- ↑
- "'Unmistakably Antisemitic': Harvard College Dean Khurana Slams Student Groups Over Instagram Post". Harvard Crimson. February 21, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Is Instagram antisemitic? Jewish, pro-Israel influencers speak out". The Jerusalem Post. March 15, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Gove accuses UK university protests of 'antisemitism repurposed for Instagram age'". The Guardian. May 21, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "CAM Monitoring Uncovers More Post-10/7 Students for Justice in Palestine Support for Hamas on Instagram". Combat Antisemitism Movement (CAM). July 17, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Online Antisemitism: How Tech Platforms Handle User Reporting Post 10/7". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). September 30, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- ↑
- "I posted on Instagram about my anti-Semitic trolls and their persistent abuse. Instagram deleted my post: OPINION". ABC News. October 31, 2018. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- "Patel demands social media giants explain why Wiley posts were left up". London Even Standard. July 26, 2020. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- "Antisemitism 'rife' on social media platforms like Instagram and TikTok, research finds". Sky News. October 13, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- "Meta to remove posts targeting 'Zionists' when aiming at Jews, Israelis". The Jerusalem Post. July 9, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑ "International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance issues urgent Holocaust distortion warning". International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). January 23, 2025.
- ↑ "Social media feeds Holocaust denial and distortion, finds UN report". United Nations (UN). Retrieved January 23, 2025.
- ↑ "The Holocaust in Croatia". Yad Vashem. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ "Jovanović: Djeco, ne baratajte hrvatskom Wikipedijom jer su sadržaji falsificirani" [Jovanović: "Children, do not use the Croatian Wikipedia because its contents are forgeries"]. Novi list (in Croatian). September 13, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2013.
- ↑
- "Jasenovac". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- "Concentration Camps: Jasenovac". Jewish Virtual Library. doi:10.1080/00085006.2024.2356453. ISBN 978-1-032-35379-1. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- Odak, Stipe; Benčić, Andriana (July 10, 2016). "Jasenovac—A Past That Does Not Pass: The Presence of Jasenovac in Croatian and Serbian Collective Memory of Conflict". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures. 30 (4). doi:10.1177/0888325416653657. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
- Kuznar, Andriana Bencic; Pavlakovic, Vjeran (May 10, 2023). "Exhibiting Jasenovac: Controversies, manipulations and politics of memory". Heritage, Memory and Conflict Journal. 3 (1). Amsterdam University Press: 65–69. doi:10.3897/ijhmc.3.71583. Retrieved December 11, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Marko Attila Hoare (June 5, 2024). "Jasenovac concentration camp: an unfinished past". Canadian Slavonic Papers. 66 (1–2): 291–293. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ "Croatian Wikipedia Disinformation Assessment-2021 – Meta". Meta Wikimedia. Retrieved 2021-06-14.
Many articles created and edited by the members of this group present the views that match political and socio-cultural positions advocated by a loosely connected group of Croatian radical right political parties and ultra-conservative populist movements. The group has been using its positions of power to attract new like-minded contributors, silence and ban dissenters, manipulate community elections and subvert Wikipedia's and the broader movement's native conflict resolution mechanisms.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 29.6 29.7 29.8
- Dr. Yvette Alt Miller. "The One-Woman Battle Against Pro-Nazi Bias on Wikipedia". Aish. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- Stahl, David (July 18, 2018). "The Battle for Wikipedia: The New Age of 'Lost Victories'?". The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 31 (3): 396–402. doi:10.1080/13518046.2018.1487198. S2CID 150237156. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- "One Woman's Mission to Rewrite Nazi History on Wikipedia". Wired. September 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
Ksenia Coffman's fellow editors have called her a vandal and a McCarthyist. She just wants them to stop glorifying fascists—and start citing better sources.
- Schwed, Lucas. "The Origin and Continued Perpetration of the Myth of the Clean Wehrmacht". United States Military Academy. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- "Ksenia Coffman's Struggle to Root out Nazi Sympathy on Wikipedia". History News Network (HNN). September 7, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2025.
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Grabowski, Jan; Klein, Shira (February 9, 2023). "Wikipedia's Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust". The Journal of Holocaust Research. 37 (2): 133–190. doi:10.1080/25785648.2023.2168939. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6
- Deutch, Gabby (June 26, 2024). "Inside the war over Israel at Wikipedia". Jewish Insider. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
Behind the scenes, ideologically motivated actors are working to shape the knowledge shared on the world's largest encyclopedia
- Rindsberg, Ashley (October 24, 2024). "How Wikipedia's Pro-Hamas Editors Hijacked the Israel-Palestine Narrative". Pirate Wires. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Bandler, Aaron (October 25, 2024). "Wikipedia Editors Place a Near Total Ban on Calling Gaza Health Ministry "Hamas-Run"". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- "At least 40 pro-Hamas Wikipedia editors misrepresented information about Israel". Voz Media. October 25, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "'Wikipedia editors colluded to delegitimize Israel'". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). November 3, 2024. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Shvili, Jason (November 13, 2024). "Wikipedia's anti-Israel propaganda mocks objectivity and destroys its credibility". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- Deutch, Gabby (June 26, 2024). "Inside the war over Israel at Wikipedia". Jewish Insider. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
- ↑
- "revisionism". The Britannica Dictionary. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- Shank, Tyce (2022). "Historical Revisionism: Revising or Rewriting". Liberty University. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- Arribas, Cristina M; Arcos, Rubén; Gértrudix, Manuel; Mikulski, Kamil; Hernández-Escayola, Pablo; Teodor, Mihaela; Novăcescu, Elena; Surdu, Ileana; Stoian, Valentin; García-Jiménez, Antonio. "Information manipulation and historical revisionism: Russian disinformation and foreign interference through manipulated history-based narratives". Open Research Europe. 1. 3 (121). doi:10.12688/openreseurope.16087.1. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- ↑
- "Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Wartime Propagandist". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- Rubin, Barry; Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. (2014). "Nazis, Islamists, and the Making of the Modern Middle East". Middle East Quarterly. 21 (4). New Haven: Yale University Press. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Full official record: What the mufti said to Hitler". The Times of Israel. October 21, 2015. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
The Arabs were Germany's natural friends, Haj Amin al-Husseini told the Nazi leader in 1941, because they had the same enemies — namely the English, the Jews and the Communists
- "Hitler's Palestinian Ally: Grand Mufti Amin Al-Husseini". HonestReporting. February 10, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Erdan Presents Between Mufti And Hitler At UN Meeting On Gaza War". i24NEWS. April 9, 2024. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
"The UN, the organization founded to prevent Nazi ideology from spreading, has committed itself to reinforcing modern-day Nazi Jihadists" said Israel's UN Ambassador Erdan
- ↑
- Herf, Jeffrey (January 5, 2016). "Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Nazis and the Holocaust: The Origins, Nature and Aftereffects of Collaboration". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Never-before-seen Photos of Palestinian Mufti With Hitler Ties Visiting Nazi Germany". Haaretz. June 15, 2017. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- Schwanitz, Wolfgang G. (April 7, 2021). "Photographic Evidence Shows Palestinian Leader Amin al-Husseini at a Nazi Concentration Camp". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- Alex Grobman PhD. (July 7, 2024). "Part II: A War of Words: The Mufti Meets with Hitler in Berlin". The Jewish Press. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
- "Hamas = Fascist Jew-Hatred - But the Palestinian Arab Nationalism and Nazi Connection Goes Way Back". Jewish Journal. August 14, 2024. Retrieved December 14, 2024.
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3
- "Wikipedia suspends pro-Palestine editors coordinating efforts behind the scenes". The Jerusalem Post. December 12, 2024.
- "Wikipedia cracks down: Pro-Palestine editors suspended". JFeed. December 12, 2024.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1
- "Numerous Anti-Israel Wikipedia Editors, Including Instigators Who Targeted ADL, Banned Following Investigation". Anti-Defamation League (ADL). January 17, 2025. Retrieved January 18, 2025.
- "Wikipedia's Supreme Court On the Verge of Topic Banning 8 Editors from Israel-Palestine Area". Jewish Journal. January 18, 2025. Retrieved January 19, 2025.
- "ADL: Wikipedia bans several editors for spreading antisemitic rhetoric, misinformation on Gaza war". The Times of Israel. January 19, 2025.
- "Anti-Israel Wikipedia editors face bans after spreading hate, misinformation". The Jerusalem Post. January 20, 2025.
